Harris v. Shanahan

*187 The opinion of the court was delivered by

This action attacks the apportionment of the senate and house of representatives of the Kansas legislature. The appeal is from the order and judgment of the district court holding G. S. 1949, 4-102, relating to the seats in the senate, and G. S. 1961 Supp., 4-103, relating to the seats in multi-district counties of the house, to be unconstitutional and void; enjoining the secretary of state and various county election officials from performing any acts relating to the election of senators and representatives under those statutes, and ordering that the primary and general elections for seats in the senate be held on a state-wide basis and on a countywide basis for the seats in the house of representatives in all multidistrict counties.

When originally filed on November 1, 1961, the petition contained three causes of action. The first cause of action attacked the apportionment of senatorial districts. The second cause of action alleged that Article 2, Section 2, and Article 10, Section 1, apportioning the state into 105 representative districts on a geographical basis, that is, one to each county regardless of population, leaving only 20 seats to be apportioned on the basis of population, constituted a discriminatory apportionment of the house of representatives and denied the right of equal participation in the processes of state government and denied a vote and representation equal or substantially equal to that of citizens and qualified electors residing in counties and house districts with a disportionately smaller population and constituted an abridgement of the constitutional rights of plaintiffs and all other citizens and qualified electors similarly situated in violation of Sections 1 and 2 of the Bill of Rights of the Kansas Constitution, Article 4, Section 4 of the Constitution of the United States, and the Fourteenth Amendment thereto which prohibits a state from depriving any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law or denying to any person within its jurisdiction equal protection of the laws. The third cause of action, alternative if no relief be granted on the second cause of action, related to multi-district seats in the house of representatives from counties having more than one legislative district. Subsequently and before trial, plaintiffs dismissed their second cause of action and trial was had on the first and third causes of action only.

*188 The allegations of the first and third causes of action were substantially similar except that the first cause alleged no apportionment of the senate had been made since 1947. Both causes of action alleged in substance that the apportionment statutes (G. S. 1949, 4-102, and G. S. 1961 Supp., 4-103) were unconstitutional and void in that they were not based upon the census of each preceding year and were not made in accordance with Article 10, Section 2 of the Constitution of Kansas; that they were grossly discriminatory against the right of equal representation of voters and taxpayers of the metropolitan or urban areas of the state thus arbitrarily depriving them of liberty and property without due process of law, and denying to them the equal protection of the laws, and their rights and privileges as citizens were thereby abridged in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and of Article 2, Sections 2 and 29, of Article 4, Section 2, and Article 5, Section 1, of the Constitution of Kansas; and of the Civil Rights Act (28 U. S. C. §1343; 42 U. S. C. §§ 1983, 1988). Also, that plaintiffs were thereby deprived of a republican form of government as guaranteed by Article 4, Section 4, of the Constitution of the United States. The prayer was that the defendants be enjoined from performing any acts relating to election of senator and representatives under the statutes, and for an order requiring that the primary and general elections for seats in the senate be held on a state-wide basis and on a county-wide basis for the seats in the house of representatives in all multi-district counties.

Issues were joined by the defendants’ answer and plaintiffs’ reply and trial was by the court upon a stipulation of facts agreed to by the parties. The stipulation contained the population of the 40 senate districts for the years 1946 and 1961,- respectively; the population of the thirteen counties containing more than one representative district, and the population of the representative districts in those thirteen counties, based upon the official state census for the preceding years. The assertions and mathematical conclusions contained in plaintiffs’ petition concerning the disparity of vote and representation between the various senate districts and between representative districts located in multi-district counties also were stipulated as true. The plaintiffs offered the stipulation in evidence and rested, and the defendants offered no evidence. All matters contained in the stipulation were substantially found as facts by the court.

*189 On July 26, 1962, the court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiffs as heretofore related, and the defendants timely perfected this appeal. Upon the defendants’ application, this court entered its order on July 30,1962, staying the judgment during the pendency of the appeal.

The case was heard on its merits on January 21,1963. On January 31,1963, this court filed its per curiam opinion (Harris v. Shanahan, 191 Kan. 1, 378 P. 2d 157) and said:

“. . . we find that no declaration should now be made with respect to the invalidity of the existing apportionment statutes of the state Senate and to the seats in multi-district counties of the House of Representatives, and we withhold decision on the merits of all issues presented in order to afford the 1963 legislature full opportunity to heed the constitutional mandate to reapportion in accordance with Art. 10, §§ 1 and 2.

“If there is to be a judicial disruption of the present legislative apportionment or of the methods or machinery for electing members of the legislature it should not take place unless and until it can be shown that the 1963 legislature has failed to perform its constitutional duty to reapportion.

“Jurisdiction of this appeal is retained until further order of the court.” (1. c. 2.)

Both houses of the 1963 legislature introduced bills to apportion their respective legislative districts. House bill No. 1 was introduced in the house and Senate bill No. 440 was introduced in the senate. The house bill fixed the membership of that body at 105 members and repealed G. S. 1961 Supp., 4-103. The bill passed the house, was amended and passed by the senate, and failed to achieve a constitutional majority upon roll call in the house to concur in the senate amendment. (Senate and House Journals, 1963 [H. J. p. 455].) Senate bill 440 repealed the 1947 apportionment of the senate (G. S. 1949, 4-102) and reapportioned the 40 seats of that body. (Laws 1963, Ch. 13.) Based upon the 1962 census of state population of 2,165,009, an average-sized senatorial district should contain approximately 54,125 people. As introduced and passed by the legislature, senate bill 440 apportioned the state into 40 districts of approximately equal population, none of which varied more than approximately 10 percent from the average population figure of 54,125. The bill represented diligent and good-faith effort by the legislature to achieve the standard of equality of representation demanded by Article 10, Section 2, as hereafter noted, and we believe the minds of reasonable men could not doubt that a range of variance above and below the average district of *190 not more than approximately 10 percent constituted as close an approximation to exactness as possible.

Subsequent to the adjournment of the 1963 legislature this court held hearings with respect to the validity of the 1961 apportionment of the multi-district seats in the house of representatives. (G. S. 1961 Supp., 4-103.) At the first hearing counsel for both parties orally stated that the 1963 apportionment of the senate met all the requirements of equal representation imposed by Article 10, Section 2, of the Kansas Constitution and that senate bill 440 should be judicially approved. Since that time, however, it has come to the court’s attention that all of the city of Leawood in Johnson County, consisting of approximately 8,800 people, was omitted from senatorial district No. 15 and was not included in any senatorial district. When counsel advocated judicial approval of the bill, the omission of the city of Leawood was then unknown to counsel, to the legislature, to the governor, and to this court. Shortly after the omission was discovered this court ordered counsel to file written briefs on the validity of senate bill 440 and to present oral argument.

The state’s supplemental brief suggests that the question of the validity of senate bill 440 may not now be inquired into since it was not one of the original issues of the case, but realizing the importance of the question, the gravity of the situation and the public welfare, it does not insist upon the point; rather, it states, “It is for the good judgment of this court to decide whether this new question shall be considered in this case.”

The first cause of action attacked the validity of the 1947 apportionment of the senate, which was the apportionment then in effect. Senate bill 440 was enacted after this court had taken note of the circumstances and had admonished the legislature then in session to do its duty in accordance with the constitutional mandate, and the court reserved its jurisdiction over questions raised by the suit.

It is the general rule that once a valid apportionment law is enacted no future act may be passed by the legislature until after the next regular apportionment period prescribed by the Constitution. (Jones v. Freeman, 193 Okl. 554, 146 P. 2d 564; Denney, Clerk, et al., v. The State, ex rel., Basler, 144 Ind. 503, 42 N. E. 929; The People v. Hutchinson, 172 Ill. 486, 50 N. E. 599; Parker, et al. v. The State, ex rel. Powell, 133 Ind. 178, 32 N. E. 836, 33 N. E. 119; People ex rel. Henderson v. Supervisors, 147 N. Y. 1, 41 N. E. 563; Harmison v. Ballot Com’rs 45 W. Va. 179, 31 S. E. 394; 18 Am. Jur., *191 Elections, § 14, p. 190.) The apportionment period provided in the Constitution does not, of course, require that the act be passed at a regular session, but a special session may be called for that purpose. (The State ex rel. Attorney General vs. Cunningham, 81 Wis. 440, 51 N. W. 724; 18 Am. Jur., Elections, § 14, p. 190.)

The existing apportionment of the house of representatives was enacted in 1961 and that of the senate in 1963. Thus, both being current in terms of time within the meaning of Article 10, Section 2, those acts are not subject to change by the legislature until the next constitutional apportionment period unless held to be invalid. Since there is a presumption that laws passed by the legislature are valid and constitutional until judicially determined to be otherwise, the legislature will be powerless to lawfully reapportion until the next apportionment period, unless this court adjudges the present senate apportionment act to be invalid. Accordingly, the effect of the omission of the city of Leawood from any senatorial district must be carefully considered at this time and touched upon in the court’s opinion if opportunity for the correction of the senate apportionment is to be afforded prior to the primary and general elections in 1964.

The constitutionality of the 1963 act is clearly more critical now since the question whether it was duly and regularly enacted is sharply drawn into issue, and if decided in the negative, would leave the court necessarily deciding this case on the basis of the 1947 apportionment act (G. S. 1949, 4-102) originally attacked by plaintiffs’ petition if there be no subsequently valid act to replace it. Accordingly, we are of the opinion, under the issues presented and the legal question which has subsequently arisen concerning senate bill 440, that the validity of the 1963 senatorial apportionment is required to be determined along with the remaining issues of the constitutionality of the 1961 act apportioning the house of representatives.

Hence, we turn to the contention of the parties as to the validity of senate bill 440. In deciding the question it will be helpful to set out in chronological order the legislative history of the bill. On March 27, 1963, the Senate Committee on Legislative and Congressional Apportionment introduced the bill to apportion the state into 40 senatorial districts and to repeal G. S. 1949, 4-102. The bill was read the second time on March 28, and referred to the Committee of the Whole Senate. On March 29, the Committee of the Whole *192 recommended that it be passed. On the same day and on an emergency motion, the bill was advanced to third reading and roll call and passed by a vote of 24 yeas and 6 nays. As introduced and passed by the senate, the designation of senatorial district No. 15 commenced on line 48 of the bill and ended on line 54. That part of the bill, including the line numbers, reads:

“48 15. All of Aubry and Oxford townships in Johnson county, “49 the city of Leawood in Johnson county, all of the territory in “50 precincts 3, 4, 5 and 6 of ward 2 and all of the territory in “51 wards 3, 4 and 5 of the city of Overland Park in Johnson county “52 and all of the territory in wards 4, 5 and 6 of the city of Prairie “53 Village in Johnson county shall constitute the fifteenth senatorial “54 district.” (Emphasis supplied.)

The bill was messaged to the house on April 1, 1963, and read the first time. The following day the bill was read the second time and referred to the House Committee on Legislative Apportionment. On April 10, and with respect to senatorial district No. 15, the House Committee recommended the bill be amended:

"... in line 48, by striking out all of the line after the word ‘of’; by striking out all of lines 50 to 54, inclusive, and inserting in lieu thereof the following: ‘all of precincts 4, 5 and 6 of ward 2 and precincts 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of ward 3, and all of wards 4 and 5 in the city of Overland Park in Johnson county and precinct 4 in ward 2 and all of wards 4, 5 and 6 in Prairie Village in Johnson county, shall constitute the fifteenth senatorial district.’ . . .” (Senate and House Journals, 1963, [H. J. p. 455].)

Thus, it is noted that after the house committee amendments, the only portion remaining in the bill establishing senatorial district 15 was the emphasized portion quoted above. When that language is added to the language inserted by the house committee amendments, senatorial district No. 15 was established to include the following:

“All of the city of Leawood in Johnson county, all of the territory in all of precincts 4, 5 and 6 of ward 2 and precincts 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of ward 3, and all of wards 4 and 5 in the city of Overland Park in Johnson county and precinct 4 in ward 2 and all of wards 4, 5 and 6 in Prairie Village in Johnson county, shall constitute the fifteenth senatorial district.”

On the same day, April 10, the committee recommended that the bill be passed as amended and the committee report was adopted by the house. On the same day, and on an emergency motion, the bill was advanced to third reading subject to amendment and debate. Thereupon the bill passed the house upon roll call by a vote of 90 yeas and 11 nays. On that same day, April 10, the senate *193 received the bill from the house as amended, and concurred in the house amendments by a vote of 28 yeas and 8 nays. On April 13, under the heading of “Report on Engrossed Bills,” senate bill 440 was reported as correctly engrossed. On April 16, under the heading of “Report on Enrolled Bills,” the journal of the senate shows that senate bill 440 was correctly enrolled, properly signed, and presented to the governor on that date for his signature. On April 16, under the heading of “Messages from the Governor” the journal of the senate shows that the bill was signed by the governor on April 17, 1963.

Enrolled senate bill 440 appears in the 1963 Session Laws as Chapter 13, pages 29 through 37. Beginning on page 30 of the fourth line from the top, the paragraph pertaining to senatorial district No. 15 reads as follows:

“15. All of precincts 4, 5 and 6 of ward 2 and precincts 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of ward 3, and all of wards 4 and 5 in the city of Overland Park in Johnson county and precinct 4 in ward 2 and all of wards 4, 5 and 6 in Prairie Village in Johnson county, shall constitute the fifteenth senatorial district.”

From the foregoing it is obvious that the minds of the house and senate met in common agreement that senate bill 440, as amended by the house, be passed. At some later time, after passage of the bill by both houses, a variation appeared in the language establishing senatorial district No. 15, notwithstanding the senate committee’s report that the bill was correctly engrossed and enrolled. Unfortunately, in the engrossing of the bill the language relating to the city of Leawood was omitted, and the remaining language of the house amendment was such as to give no warning of the omission. The enrolled bill blindly followed the language of the engrossed bill, which was approved and signed by the governor on April 17, 1963.

With the undisputed legislative record in mind, let us examine the specific question before us. Is the statute (Laws 1963, Ch. 13) void for the reason that the governor did not sign the bill passed by the legislature? The question requires an examination of our Constitution and previous decisions of this court as to its validity. The pertinent part of Article 2, Section 14, reads:

“Every bill and joint resolution passed by the house of representatives and senate shall, within two days thereafter, be signed by the presiding officers, and presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it to the house of representatives, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the same. . . .”

*194 It is important here to state pertinent rules applicable to this constitutional provision which are essential to transferring a bill introduced in the legislature into a law. It has been held that the legislature and the governor exercise co-ordinate functions in enacting laws, and the governor is an essential part of the legislation. (State, ex rel., v. Ryan, 123 Kan. 767, 771, 256 Pac. 811; State, ex rel., v. Robb, 163 Kan. 502, 183 P. 2d 223.) Under this provision, until a bill has the final consideration of the three law-making powers, that is, the house, the senate, and the governor, it is not a law. (State v. Sessions, 84 Kan. 856, 868, 115 Pac. 641; State, ex rel., v. City of Salina, 108 Kan. 271, 194 Pac. 931; State, ex rel., v. Ryan, supra.) Hence, it is important that we keep in mind the distinction between a bill and a law. A bill never becomes a law until the constitutional prerequisites respecting the manner of enactment have been fully complied with. (50 Am. Jur., Statutes, § 97, p. 103; 82 C. J. S., Statutes, § 60b, p. 94.)

Another rule of long standing in this jurisdiction is that before an enrolled bill can be impeached successfully by the journals of the legislature, the latter must show affirmatively, clearly, conclusively and beyond all doubt that the bill as enrolled was not the bill passed. Also, that the records of the legislative journals import absolute verity and are conclusive as to the facts therein affirmatively shown. (In re Taylor, 60 Kan. 87, 55 Pac. 340; Belleville v. Wells, 74 Kan. 823, 824, 88 Pac. 47; Smith v. Robertson, 155 Kan. 706, 709, 128 P. 2d 260, and cases cited.)

Another rule requiring consideration is that it is the policy of the courts to uphold legislative intent rather than to defeat it, and if there is any reasonable way to construe legislation as constitutionally valid it will be so construed. Further, that doubts as to constitutionality always are resolved in favor of validity and statutes are not stricken down unless the infringement of the superior law is clear beyond substantial doubt. (Hunt v. Eddy, 150 Kan. 1, 90 P. 2d 747, and cases cited; State, ex rel., v. Fadely, 180 Kan. 652, 308 P. 2d 537.)

Counsel for both parties assert that this court has not only the power but also the duty to sustain the constitutionality of the act by supplying the words “the city of Leawood in Johnson county, all of the territory in” as the same appears in line 49 of senate bill 440 and as passed by both houses but omitted therefrom when the bill was engrossed and enrolled. It is argued that in many cases of *195 statutory construction the legislative intent can be derived only by inference or implication; that the present case is distinctly different in that specualtion or reasoning as to the legislative intent need not and cannot be resorted to; that the record plainly shows the legislative intent and the action it took was to include Leawood in the 15th senatorial district and there is no room whatever for dispute of that fact. They further argue that while the general rule as to ambiguity applies in many cases, it is not always applicable, and that words may be inserted in or added to a statute in order to effectuate the legislative intent; that it is within the power of a court whenever necessary to effectuate legislative intent to supply language in construing an act, inserting such words and clauses as may reasonably appear to be called for; that words may be supplied in a statute in order to give it effect, or to avoid repugnancy or inconsistency with the legislative intent, or where omission is due to inadvertence, mistake, accident or clerical error, or where omission makes the statute absurd and that omissions may be supplied to prevent unconstitutionality. A few of the authorities cited and relied upon are: II Sutherland, “Statutory Construction,” 3d Ed. § 4924, pp. 453, 458; Endlich, “Commentaries on the Interpretation of Statutes,” p. 399; Commonwealth v. Barney, 115 Ky. 475, 74 S. W. 181, 184; State ex rel. McGrael v. Phelps, 144 Wis. 1, 128 N. W. 1041; Landrum v. Flannigan, 60 Kan. 436, 56 Pac. 753; State v. Brodigan, 37 Nev. 245, 141 Pac. 988; State v. Crockett, 137 Tenn. 679, 195 S. W. 583; Keenan v. Price, 68 Idaho 423, 195 P. 2d 662.

We have no quarrel with the authorities cited, but they are not authority for the proposition which is sought to be drawn from them, that is, where the legislature passes one bill and another bill is presented to and signed by the governor, the court may reach out and draw from the legislative records the omitted portion of a bill and insert by judicial construction the omitted portion into law. The parties candidly concede there is no ambiguity in that part of the bill which established senatorial district 15. What they ask this court to do is not to construe the statute, but in effect, enlarge it so that what was omitted by inadvertence or error, may be included within its scope. To supply the omissions under these circumstances would transcend the judicial function. (Iselin v. United States, 270 U. S. 245, 70 L. Ed. 566, 46 S. Ct. 248; Ayers v. Comm'rs of Trego Co., 37 Kan. 240, 242, 15 Pac. 229.) This court has the power to declare a legislative act invalid when it infringes the *196 superior law, but it has no power to correct or amend an act, or even construe it when expressed in plain and unambiguous language. The general rule is that where the statute is plain and unambiguous, there is no room left for judicial construction so as to change the language employed therein. (Fitzpatrick v. Gebhart, 7 Kan. 35.) In Russell v. Cogswell, 151 Kan. 793, 101 P. 2d 361, it was said:

“. . . Errors plainly clerical in character, mere inadvertences of terminology, and other similar inaccuracies or deficiencies will be disregarded or corrected where the intention of the legislature is plain and unmistakable. But the court cannot delete vital provisions or supply vital omissions in a statute. No matter what the legislature may have really intended to do, if it did not in fact do it, under any reasonable interpretation of the language used, the defect is one which the legislature alone can correct.” (l. c. 795.)

In Ayers v. Comm’rs of Trego Co., supra, it was said:

“Regarding the contention that ‘31/ in § 7, chapter 70, Laws of 1883, should read ‘9/ we need only reply, that we have not the right to change the statute where it is clear and free from ambiguity, by any judicial interpretation. We have no authority to interpolate ‘9’ in tire statute in the place of ‘31’ when ‘9’ does not appear therein. As the statute is plain and unambiguous, there is no room left for construction. (In re Hinkle, 31 Kas. 712.) . . .” (l. c. 242.)

The rule is somewhat more limited than asserted by counsel. Generally speaking, courts have no right to correct errors made in an enrolled bill and they will ordinarily take the latter as they find it, and if not constitutionally enacted, will declare it void. (50 Am. Jur., Statutes, §§ 97, 232, 234, pp. 103, 219, 221; 82 C. J. S., Statutes, § 60b, p. 94.) Nearly all the cases holding that errors and mistakes may be corrected deal with errors and mistakes apparent on the face of the legislative enactment, either standing by itself or in connection with other well-known facts. Very few of such cases deal with the question whether the procedural steps in enacting the law have been followed; that is, whether the act signed by the governor was the act passed by the legislature. In other words, such cases deal in the main with the construction of the legislative enactment rather than the validity of the procedure or steps of its enactment. (State v. Wright, 62 Wyo. 112, 163 P. 2d 190.) In State v. Hill, 189 Kan. 403, 369 P. 2d 365, 91 A. L. R. 2d 750, it was held that the construction of a statute, the function of a court to ascertain its scope and meaning, is not to be confused with the duty of determining its validity when measured by constitutional guaranties.

*197 We think that what was said and held in State, ex rel., v. Robb, 163 Kan. 502, 183 P. 2d 223, is decisive of the question. That was a mandamus action to compel the registration of county hospital bonds which the state auditor had refused to register because the amount of the bonds was more than the county was authorized to issue under G. S. 1935, 10-301, the general bond limitation statute. During the regular 1947 session a senate bill was introduced to amend 10-301 so that the limitation provided therein did not apply to county hospital bonds. At the same time house bill 131 was introduced to amend 10-301 in certain particulars, and passed the house. In the senate it was amended to exempt county hospital bonds from the general bond limitation statute. The bill passed the senate, as amended, and was messaged to the house which concurred in the amendment. When the bill went to the state printer to be enrolled, the senate amendment did not come to the attention of the employees and on return of the enrolled bill to the house and senate the omission of the amendment was unnoticed. In that form it was signed by the officers of the legislature and presented to the governor for his signature. As signed by officers of both houses and duly signed by the governor, the bill did not contain the amendment exempting county hospital bonds from the general bond debt limitation prescribed by 10-301.

There, as here, it was argued that where the legislative records clearly show the legislative intent and affirmatively show the action taken was to include the amendment — in the instant case to include that part of the original bill pertaining to the city of Leawood— the enrolled bill can be impeached successfully to show that it was the intention of both houses and the governor that the bill as passed by the legislature should be construed to be the effective bill, otherwise a clerical employee or printer can effectively thwart the purpose of the legislature and the governor and give to such errant and unknown clerk or printer the power to veto legislation.

The contention overlooks the fact that in the Robb case as well as in the instant case, a duly constituted committee of the legislature reported the bill, in the former case, to be correctly enrolled, and in the instant case, to be correctly engrossed and enrolled, when in truth and in fact they were not. Despite the fact that the mechanical work of engrossing bills is performed by clerical employees, the duly constituted committees of each body of the legislature cannot escape the responsibility of carefully examining all engrossed and enrolled bills. Had the committees done so in *198 the Robb case and in the instant case, the omissions would have been discovered and timely corrected. In the Robb case it was said:

“Plaintiffs argue this court should take judicial notice of what the enrolled bill contained and what the legislative journal contained, and of every step that might affect the validity or meaning of this statute. They argue that enrolled bills may be impeached by an examination of the legislative records of the house and senate, and that when that is done, it becomes clear that it was the intention of the house and senate and governor, that the bill as passed by both houses with the amendment added in the senate should be construed to be the effective bill. They point out that to hold otherwise would permit the enrolling clerk to impair or invalidate or change an act by dropping out a provision by inadvertence, carelessness or fraud, and that this would be obviously against public policy.

“To sustain this position plaintiffs cite and rely on the following Kansas authorities: Comm’rs of Leavenworth Co. v. Higginbotham, 17 Kan. 62; Division of Howard Co., 15 Kan. 194; Prohibitory-Amendment Cases, 24 Kan. 700; and Weyand v. Stover, Treas., 35 Kan. 545, 11 Pac. 355.

“Those cases are authority for a holding that this court will look behind the language of the enrolled bill to the legislative journals and other records when the constitutionality or meaning of a bill is being considered. They are not authority for the conclusion which plaintiffs seek to draw therefrom, that is, that where the house and senate pass one bill and the governor signs another, we should hold the bill passed by the house and senate to be the law. . . .” (l. c. 508, 509.)

Decisions from other jurisdictions were then reviewed and discussed at length, and it was said:

“The foregoing are the authorities upon which plaintiffs rely. . . . They seem to fall into two classifications, one where a typographical or clerical error was corrected — the other where by signing a bill with a large figure in it the governor was held to have in effect approved a bill with a smaller figure. The fact is, these opinions, most of them seem to have been based on reasons of expediency rather than any well-reasoned philosophy of constitutional law.

“In the making of laws under our constitution the governor and the legislature are co-ordinate branches. That is the way the writers of the constitution intended it should be. The one is about as important as the other. The court will not for reasons of expediency reach a conclusion that will enable either one to bypass the other.” (l. c. 515, 516.)

The court then quoted Article 2, Section 14 in full, heretofore quoted in part. Referring to this provision, the court said:

“This section is clear. There can be no doubt but that each bill passed must be presented to the governor, and if he approves it he shall sign it, and if not he shall return it with his reasons. The rest of the section deals with the power of the legislature to override a veto by a vote of two-thirds.

“The judiciary is merely one of the three branches of the state government. It should be slow to approve any action which even has the semblance of *199 permitting one branch to act toward another in a manner contrary to the terms and provisions of the constitution.

“In Vaughn & Ragsdale Co. v. State Board, etc., 109 Mont. 52, 96 P. 2d 420, the subject received careful consideration. The court held:

“ ‘The legislature alone cannot enact a law; it has the power to pass bills which may become laws when signed by the presiding officers of both houses and when approved and signed by the governor, these officers being an indispensable part of the machinery set up by the Constitution to make laws.’ (p. 52.)” (l. c. 517.)

In denying registration of the bonds it was only necessary for the court to consider the validity of the omitted amendment and whether it became law; the court was not required to further consider the validity of house bill 131 itself. On that point a concluding sentence of the opinion is noteworthy, “The fact remains, however, that the bill that passed the legislature never was submitted to the governor.” It was held that Article 2, Section 14 requires that bills passed by the legislature be submitted to the governor for his signature and where a bill was submitted to the governor without an amendment which had been adopted by both houses, the amendment did not become law. See, also, Vaughn & Ragsdale Co. v. State Board, etc., supra; Katerndahl v. Daugherty, 30 Idaho 356, 164 Pac. 1017; State v. Wright, supra; State ex rel. Foster v. Naftalin, 246 Minn. 181, 74 N. W. 2d 249; Slauson et al. v. The City of Racine, 13 Wis. 398, and Denney, Clerk, et al. v. The State, ex rel., Basler supra.

We assume that the intention of both houses of the legislature and of the governor was to enact a law which gave adequate senatorial representation to every citizen of Kansas, including the residents of the city of Leawood. No one questions that fact. But we are confronted with what was done, not what the legislature may have really intended to do.