In Re Bostic Construction, Inc.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This matter came before the Court on February 25, 2010 upon the Motion to Interpret and If Necessary, Enforce This Court’s Order Approving Settlement (the “Motion to Interpret”), filed by Jeffrey L. Bostic, Joe E. Bostic, Jr., Melvin E. Morris, and Tyler Morris (the “Movants”) on January 21, 2010, and the objection of Yates Construction Co., Inc. (“Yates”) and American Mechanical, Inc. (“American”) (collectively the “Respondents”) to the Motion to Interpret (the “Objection”), filed by the Respondents on February 21, 2010. At the hearing, Christine L. Myatt and Benjamin A. Kahn appeared on behalf of Jeffrey and Joe Bostic, Edwin R. Gatton and Charles M. Ivey, III appeared on behalf of Melvin and Tyler Morris, David F. Meschan and Zeyland G. McKinney, Jr. appeared on behalf of the Respondents, Robert E. Price, Jr. appeared on behalf of the United States Bankruptcy Administrator, and Gerald S. Schafer appeared in his capacity as Chapter 7 Trustee.

The Motion to Interpret requests the Court to interpret its Order of April 25, 2007 (the “Settlement Order”), which approved, over the objection of Yates, the settlement of any claims that the Trustee could assert on behalf of the corporate debtor against the Movants. The Respondents have now sued the Movants in state court. The Movants assert that the state court action maintains causes of action that were settled by the Trustee and may not now be maintained by the Respondents. After consideration of the Motion to Interpret, the Objection, the arguments of counsel, and the relevant law, the Court will interpret the Settlement Order and, in so doing, will conclude that the Respondents maintain individual causes of action against the Movants in state court, which are separate from the corporate causes of action settled by the Trustee. Therefore, the settlement between the Movants and the Trustee does not prevent the state court actions from proceeding.

I. JURISDICTION

The Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of this proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 151, 157 and 1334, and the General Order of Reference entered by the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina on August 15, 1984. This is a core proceeding within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A) *52 and (0), which this Court has the jurisdiction to hear and determine.

II. FACTS

On January 17, 2005, an involuntary petition was filed against the above-referenced debtor (the “Debtor”) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. On March 29, 2005, the case was transferred to this Court. On May 2, 2005, an Order for Relief was entered.

A. The Trustee’s Complaint

The Trustee conducted an investigation into the Debtor’s financial affairs and the events leading to the Debtor’s bankruptcy. Based on the investigation, the Trustee prepared but did not file a complaint (the “Trustee’s Complaint”) against Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris based on the following causes of action: (1) breach of fiduciary duty, (2) unjust enrichment, (3) unfair and deceptive trade practices, (4) aiding and abetting and wrongful distribution of limited liability company assets to members, and (5) punitive damages. The Trustee’s Complaint made specific allegations that are relevant here. A summary of those allegations follows.

The Debtor was incorporated in 1991 as Bostic Brothers Construction, Inc. and was originally owned by Jeff Bostic and his brother, Joe Bostic. The Debtor was conceived as a construction company focusing on the construction of multi-family housing units. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 7.) The Debtor never maintained construction workers or employees, relying instead upon various sub-contractors to provide the necessary construction materials and services. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 8.) In 1992, Melvin Morris joined the Debtor, undertaking primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the Debtor’s specific construction projects. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 9.) For a number of years, the Debtor operated profitably. The Debtor developed a good reputation for quality, reliability, and efficiency, based in part on the good name and reputation of Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris and the dedication and expertise of Melvin Morris in overseeing projects and bringing them to completion. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 10.)

In 2000, Bostic Development, LLC, formerly Bostic Brothers Development, LLC (“BDL”), was formed. BDL was owned initially by Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, Melvin Morris, Mike Hartnett, and Tyler Morris. The purpose of BDL was to find and develop multi-unit housing projects for a limited liability company (the “LLC”), which would be formed and owned by an outside investor, namely Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic and Melvin Morris or designees of Melvin Morris. The outside investor would typically contribute real estate or capital to the LLC in exchange for its interest in the LLC, with Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris making no capital contribution, but often personally guaranteeing the construction loan. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 11.)

During 2000 and 2004, the Debtor transitioned from doing most of its work for unrelated third parties to doing substantially all of its work for LLCs substantially owned and controlled by Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris or Morris-related entities. Melvin Morris customarily arranged for his interest in the LLC to be owned by members of his immediate family or an entity consisting of members of his immediate family (the “Morris Family Entities”). (Trustee Compl. ¶ 12.) As the Debtor’s business grew, Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, Melvin Moms, and the Morris Family Entities formed a number of other entities including but not limited to Carolina Apartment Products, Inc. (“CAP”), Carolina Apartment Interiors, LLC (“CAI”), and Carolina Apartment Stairs, *53 LLC (“CAS”). These entities were typically formed with no initial capitalization, and their purpose was to provide materials and, in some cases, labor, to the Debtor for a profit. With respect to customers of CAP, CAI, and CAS, the Debtor represented substantially all of their business. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 13.)

On or about January 1, 2003, Joe Bostic resigned from all offices of the Debtor and BDL. The Debtor redeemed his stock and, following his resignation, Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris remained as the sole shareholders and directors of the Debtor. Melvin Morris served as president of the Debtor and Jeff Bostic served as vice president. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 14.) At the time of Joe Bostic’s resignation, the financial statements of the Debtor indicated a profit in 2002 and that the Debtor had a positive net worth of nearly $3.0 million. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 15.)

During 2003 and 2004, the financial condition of the Debtor deteriorated. During that time, the Debtor entered into a number of construction contracts which proved to be ill-conceived and unprofitable. For the most part these contracts were with LLCs owned in part by Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and the Morris Family Entities. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 16.) During this period, the directors and owners of the Debtor became less concerned with the profitability of the Debtor and more focused on the profitability and value created in the LLCs. Based on an analysis performed by BDL, certain construction projects were projected to generate equity to Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and one of the Morris Family Entities in excess of $35.0 million. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 17.)

Little or no influence was exerted by Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris to ensure that the contracts between the Debtor and the various LLCs were profitable to the Debtor, the decisions concerning contract terms and pricing being largely deferred to representatives of BDL. In connection with the formation and capitalization of each LLC, budgets were prepared and presented to the respective outside investors and the lenders from which construction loans were to be obtained. These budgets indicated that the investor capital contributions and the proceeds from the construction loans would fully and adequately fund the projects. Although Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris contributed no capital to the LLCs, they represented that they would provide competent and effective management services to the LLCs, and they represented that the Debtor would be able to construct the projects at the budgeted price. The construction budgets were consistently too low. Consequently, the contracts between the Debtor and the project LLC did not cover construction costs, much less provide for project profitability to the Debtor. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 18.)

As the various construction projects progressed, the Debtor was often required by BDL to provide additional labor and materials without a change order or any of the additional compensation that would normally and naturally flow to the Debtor as a result of such extra services and materials. During both the contract formation stage and the actual contract performance stage, the Debtor’s officers and directors did not exercise care to ensure that the Debtor’s interests were adequately protected. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 19.)

By the end of 2003, the Debtor’s financial condition had greatly worsened. The Debtor’s financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2003 reflected insolvency. The Debtor’s cash flow was insufficient to meet its obligations as they became due. Consequently, in order to keep the Debtor operationally viable, Jeff Bostic *54 and Melvin Morris infused significant cash into the Debtor. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 20.)

Substantially all of the projects initially undertaken by the Debtor in 2004 were underfunded, in some cases by amounts exceeding $1.0 million. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 21.) Notwithstanding the cash flow infusions by Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris which, at best, temporarily alleviated the Debtor’s cash shortage, the Debtor continued to experience cash flow issues throughout 2004. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 22.) During 2004, the Debtor was actively engaged in numerous projects in which Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris directly or indirectly controlled the LLC that owned the project. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 23.) As owners and/or managers of the LLCs that contracted with the Debtor, Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris had a duty of good faith, fairness, and special care to the LLCs, which was in conflict with their obligations to the Debtor and the Debtor’s creditors to ensure that the transactions be fairly conceived and fairly implemented. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 24.)

Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris breached their duty to the Debtor and the Debtor’s creditors with respect to a number of contracts in that reasonable care was not undertaken in the contract formation or implementation stage to assure that the costs to be incurred by the Debtor in completion of the project would be adequately funded. As a consequence, substantial losses were incurred by the Debtor. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 25.) Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris also breached their duty to the Debtor and the Debtor’s creditors with respect to the Bostic Development at EIU, LLC, the Bostic Development at Tallahassee, LLC, and the Bostic Development at WKU, LLC projects in that the Debtor was required to guarantee or provide collateral for the repayment of part or all of the construction loans to the LLCs on respective projects. As a result, monies which would have been otherwise available to the Debtor from construction draws for the payment of costs that it was incurring were used as security for the repayment of the LLC loans, which were personally guaranteed by Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 26.)

In addition to the foregoing, Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris caused or allowed: (a) the Debtor to contract with LLCs owned or controlled by Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris on terms advantageous to the LLCs and detrimental to the Debtor and its creditors; (b) the Debtor to perform additional work inside the scope of the original contract with the LLC without executed change orders or agreements with respect to additional compensation; (c) the LLCs to utilize construction draws from their respective lenders for purposes other than payment to the Debtor for work performed; (d) the Debtor, when cash availability was in short supply, to pay payroll and other obligations of entities owned by Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris including BDL and CAP; (e) payments from permanent loan proceeds attributable to Bostic Development at Lynchburg, LLC to be made to LLC members, including Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris, while significant monies remained due to Debtor and Debtor’s subcontractors for work performed; (f) a system of management to continue that focused on potential profits to be made at the LLC level while largely ignoring the Debtor’s profitability, or lack thereof; (g) the Debtor to contract for services and materials on its own credit, when Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris knew or should have known that the Debtor would not have sufficient funds to pay for the indebtedness so incurred; (h) the establishment of a scheme whereby other companies, owned in whole or in part by Jeff Bostic and Melvin Morris, such as CAP, CAI, and CAS, would sell the Debtor *55 inventory or services at -greater prices than could otherwise be obtained by the Debtor; and (I) BDL to use funds drawn from a construction loan on a particular project to be diverted for the payment of expenses on another LLC project. (Trustee Compl. ¶ 27.)

The Trustee was also prepared to file a separate complaint against Joe Bostic based on alleged preferential transfers occurring within a year of the Debtor’s bankruptcy.

B. The Settlement Agreement

After these complaints were prepared, the Trustee engaged in settlement negotiations with Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris. An agreement was reached between the Debtor, by and through the Trustee, Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris (the “Parties”), memorialized in a document entitled Settlement and Release (the “Settlement Agreement”), which states that

the Trustee has conducted [an] extensive investigation into possible claims arising out of or in any way connected with the matters described in or related in any manner to the Debtor or its former business operations which could be brought against [Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris], among others, under the Bankruptcy Code and/or applicable state law for the benefit of the Debtor’s bankruptcy estate, including, but not limited to, any distributions to [Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris] from affiliated limited liability companies and other entities (the “Purported Claims”).

Paragraph 2 of the Settlement Agreement requires Jeff and Joe Bostic to pay the Trustee a total of $250,000.00, and Melvin Morris to separately pay the Trustee $250,000.00. Paragraph 3 of the Settlement Agreement states that

[u]pon the entry of a Bankruptcy Order approving this Agreement and the payment of funds described in paragraph 2 above, the Parties, for themselves and their successors, assigns, heirs, relatives, affiliates, subsidiaries, related entities, agents, officers, directors, employees and legal representatives, hereby release and forever discharge each other and their successors, assigns, heirs, relatives, affiliates, subsidiaries, related entities, agents, officers, directors, employees and legal representatives, from any and all claims and demands, whether known or unknown, which the Parties, have or may have, arising out of or in any way relating to the Purported Claims. The Parties each covenant and agree that they have not assigned, transferred, or conveyed in any manner all or any part of their legal claims or legal rights against any other Party in connection with the matters described above. This release shall be binding upon each of the Parties and their successors, assigns, affiliates, heirs, relatives, subsidiaries, related entities, agents, officers, directors, employees and legal representatives and shall inure to the benefit of the other Parties and their successors, assigns, heirs, relatives, affiliates, subsidiaries, parents, related entities, agents, officers, directors, employees and legal representatives.

On March 20, 2007, the Trustee filed a motion to approve the Settlement Agreement. On March 30, 2007, Yates filed an objection to the Trustee’s motion. On April 25, 2007, this Court entered the Settlement Order, which approved the Settlement Agreement, overruled Yates’ objection, and granted the Trustee’s motion. In so doing, the Court found that the settlement proposed by the Trustee was fair, reasonable, and in the best interests of the creditors and the bankruptcy estate.

*56 C. The Phillips and Jordan, Inc. Action

On January 18, 2008, Phillips and Jordan, Inc. (“P & J”), an unsecured creditor of the Debtor, filed a complaint in Graham County Superior Court against Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, Melvin Morris, James Bowman, Tyler Morris, BDL, and Bostic Development at Asheville, LLC, asserting causes of action for fraud and unfair and deceptive trade practices. On March 20, 2008, Jeff and Joe Bostic filed an answer and a motion to dismiss the P & J complaint based upon the argument, among others, that such asserted claims belonged to the Debtor’s estate, the claims had been resolved and settled by the Trustee, and the settlement had been approved by the Settlement Order. On March 24, 2008, Melvin and Tyler Morris filed their answer and a motion to dismiss the P & J complaint on the same grounds. On August 19, 2008, the Honorable James Downs entered an order denying the defendants’ motions to dismiss without explanation. Thereafter, the case was designated as a mandatory complex business case and transferred to the North Carolina Business Court (the “Business Court”).

On January 26, 2009, P & J filed an amended complaint to add a new cause of action for constructive fraud against Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, Melvin Morris, and Tyler Morris. On February 19, 2009, the Bostics filed their answer and a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, again arguing that the claims of P & J are barred by the Settlement Order. On February 26, 2009, the Morrises filed their answer and a motion to dismiss on the same grounds. Both the Bostics and the Mor-rises conceded that the state court’s August 19, 2008 order foreclosed any further effort to seek dismissal of P & J’s claims for fraud and unfair and deceptive trade practices.

On June 2, 2009, the Honorable Albert Diaz of the Business Court entered a memorandum opinion and order denying both motions to dismiss P & J’s claim for constructive fraud. Phillips & Jordan, Inc. v. Bostic, No. 08CVS7, slip op. (N.C.Super. Ct. June 2, 2009) (2009 WL 1548057). The Business Court rejected the Movants’ argument that P & J lacks standing to assert a constructive fraud claim against them in their capacity as directors of the Debtor. Id. at 6. The Business Court noted that in North Carolina, directors generally owe fiduciary duties to the corporation and not to any individual creditor. Id. at 4. As such, usually where a director breaches a fiduciary duty, the action is properly maintained by the corporation, rather than an individual creditor. Id. However, in situations amounting to a winding up or dissolution of the corporation, a director’s fiduciary obligations extend to creditors of the corporation. Id. “Where a creditor can show constructive fraud by a director at a time when the corporation is in declining circumstances and verging on insolvency, or where such facts establish circumstances that amount practically to a dissolution, the claim is one that belongs to the creditor and not the corporation.” Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). As to the first contention, the Business Court found that P & J properly alleged a claim for constructive fraud. Id. at 6. P & J specifically alleged that the Bostics and the Morrises, while serving as officers and directors of the Debtor, breached their fiduciary duties by causing the corporation to make preferential payments to other creditors and diverting loan funds that otherwise would have been able to pay P & J for its work on the construction project. Id. P & J further alleged that the Bostics and the Morrises took these actions when the Debtor was either insolvent or nearly insolvent and under circumstances *57 amounting to a winding up or dissolution of the corporation. Id. Based on these allegations, the Business Court held that P & J’s claim for constructive fraud was founded on injuries peculiar or personal to P & J and not the Debtor corporation. Id. at 7. As to the second contention, the Business Court held that since the claim arose from a purported breach of a fiduciary duty owed directly to P & J, it was not part of the bankruptcy estate, and the Trustee did not have the authority to bring or settle the claim. Id. The Business Court also rejected the contention that allowing P & J to proceed may negatively impact the Debtor’s bankruptcy case, holding that since the Trustee has settled whatever claims he believed the Debtor could lodge against Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, and Melvin Morris, whatever recovery P & J receives for pursuing direct claims against them will have no impact on the Debtor’s estate. Id. at 8.

D. The Respondents’ State Court Actions

On October 19, 2009, American filed a complaint against Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, Melvin Morris, Tyler Morris, and Michael Hartnett in Randolph County Superior Court. The complaint alleged the following causes of action: (1) constructive fraud against Melvin Morris and Jeff Bostic, (2) aiding and abetting constructive fraud against Joe Bostic, Tyler Morris, and Michael Hartnett, and (3) violations of N.C. Gen. Stat. Ch. 75D (The North Carolina Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) against Jeff Bostic, Joe Bostic, Melvin Morris, Tyler Morris, and Michael Hartnett. On October 20, 2009, Yates filed an almost identical complaint in Rock-ingham County Superior Court. The only substantive differences in the allegations that were made in the two complaints concern the nature and location of the work performed.

Subsequently, the Respondents’ cases (the “State Court Cases”) were designated as mandatory complex business cases and transferred to the Business Court. On January 4, 2010, Defendants Jeff Bostic, Melvin Morris, Tyler Morris, and Michael Hartnett filed separate motions to dismiss the State Court Cases. On January 28, 2010, the Respondents each filed motions to stay proceedings in the State Court Cases based on the Motion to Interpret filed by the Movants in this Court. On February 1, 2010, the Business Court granted the Respondents’ motions, staying both State Court Cases until this Court rules on the Motion to Interpret.

N. The Motion to Interpret

On January 21, 2010, the Movants filed the Motion to Interpret that is presently before the Court. The Movants argue that the complaints in the State Court Cases do not allege a separate basis for the existence of a fiduciary relationship other than the general one owed to the corporate Debtor, which properly belongs to the Debtor’s bankruptcy estate and can only be asserted by the Trustee. The Respondents filed their Objection, urging the Court to abstain from hearing the matter and asserting that they have alleged personal claims against the Movants that are not property of the estate. This Court heard oral arguments and took the matter under advisement.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Permissive Abstention Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1)

The Respondents request the Court to abstain from deciding the Motion to Interpret. Generally, a federal court must accept the jurisdiction granted it, and only in very rare occasions is discretionary abstention warranted. In re Butterfield, *58 339 B.R. 366, 373 (Bankr.E.D.Va.2004). Permissive abstention is addressed by 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1), which states that “nothing in [§ 1334] prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law, from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising until title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.” 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1); see also Blanton v. IMN Fin. Corp., 260 B.R. 257, 265 (M.D.N.C.2001).

Several courts have articulated the factors that a court should consider when determining whether to permissively abstain. See, e.g., L. Ardan Dev. Corp. v. Touhey (In re Newell), 424 B.R. 730, 735-36 (Bankr.E.D.N.C.2010); Century Forest Prods., v. H.W. Indus., Inc. (In re Century Forest Prods., Inc.), Ch. 11 Case No. 09-10016, Adv. No. 09-2078, slip op. at 2 (Bankr.M.D.N.C. Dec. 15, 2009) (2009 WL 4839704); Mercer’s Enters., Inc. v. Seascape at Wrightsville Beach, LLC (In re Mercer’s Enters., Inc.), 387 B.R. 681, 686 (Bankr.E.D.N.C.2008). They are: (1) efficiency in the administration of the debtor’s estate; (2) the extent to which state law issues predominate over bankruptcy issues; (3) whether the issues involve difficult or unsettled issues of state law; (4) the presence of a related proceeding commenced in state court; (5) the existence of a jurisdictional basis other than 28 U.S.C. § 1334; (6) the degree of relatedness or remoteness of the proceeding to the main bankruptcy ease; (7) the substance rather than form of an asserted “core” proceeding; (8) the feasibility of severing state law claims from core bankruptcy matters to allow judgments to be entered in state courts; (9) the burden of the bankruptcy court’s docket; (10) the likelihood that the commencement of the proceedings in bankruptcy court involved forum shopping by one of the parties; (11) the existence of a right to a jury trial; (12) whether non-debtor parties are involved in the proceeding. Newell, 424 B.R. at 735-36; Century Forest, slip op. at 2; Mercer’s Enters., 387 B.R. at 686.

With regard to the first factor, hearing the Motion to Interpret will not affect the administration of the estate since the Trustee has already settled the estate’s claims against the Movants. As for the second factor, the decision requires consideration of both state law and federal law issues in circumstances that commonly arise in bankruptcy court. This factor strongly favors a decision by this Court. The third factor considers whether the matter involves state law issues that are difficult and unsettled, and the issues raised in the State Court Claims are difficult and somewhat unsettled. However, the Court does not need to decide them in order to rule on the Motion to Interpret. Instead, the Court only needs to determine whether such claims are personal to the Respondents or whether they are derivative claims that may only be asserted by the Trustee. Thus, the third factor does not favor abstention. The State Court Cases have been commenced in the Business Court, but the Business Court has stayed those cases in favor of a decision by this Court, so this factor does not favor abstention. The fifth and sixth factors are undisputed. No federal jurisdiction exists other than 28 U.S.C. § 1334. The State Court Cases are remote from the bankruptcy because their outcome will not affect the estate. These two factors favor abstention. The seventh factor favors abstention because no “core” proceedings are involved. The eighth factor is inapplicable because the claims in the State Court Cases are not intertwined with bankruptcy “core” matters. The ninth factor considers the burden on this Court’s docket; it does not favor abstention because the Motion to Interpret is just one motion. The *59 tenth factor, involving the likelihood that the commencement of the proceedings in bankruptcy court involves forum shopping by one of the parties, favors abstention since it appears that the Movants only filed the Motion to Interpret because they were unhappy with the rulings that they received in various state courts. Nonetheless, the Debtor’s bankruptcy was filed long before the State Court Cases, and it is appropriate for a court to interpret its own orders. The eleventh factor is inapplicable: no party has a right to a jury trial. The twelfth factor considers whether non-debtor parties are involved in the proceeding. While the Respondents are non-debtor parties, they are also creditors in the Debtor’s bankruptcy, and the Mov-ants are former officers and directors of the Debtor. No other non-debtor parties are involved.

Based on the analysis stated above, the Court concludes that the factors weigh against voluntary abstention. While the Court is mindful of the interest of comity with the state courts, it is clear that this Court should hear and determine the Motion to Interpret, especially when it involves an interpretation of its own order and when the state court in question, the Business Court, has stayed its proceedings until this Court has ruled.

B. What Standard Should Be Used to Determine the Motion to Interpret?

The procedural posture of this matter is unusual. The Trustee and the Mov-ants settled the Trustee’s claims against the Movants. Then the Respondents filed the State Court Cases against the Mov-ants. The Court can find only one other case in which the posture is sufficiently analogous to this one. See In re Bridge Info. Sys., Inc., 325 B.R. 824 (Bankr. E.D.Mo.2005), aff'd, 344 B.R. 587 (E.D.Mo. 2006). In Bridge, the plan administrator for a corporate debtor moved for authority to compromise claims of the estate against a controlling shareholder. Id. at 829. Creditors of the debtor had previously sued the shareholder in state court, and they objected to the settlement. Id. The bankruptcy court determined that the claims asserted by the creditors in state court belonged to bankruptcy estate. Id. at 833-35. The settlement motion was approved, and the bankruptcy court held that the settlement was binding on the creditors. Id. at 835-36.

Here, the Movants request the Court to determine that the Respondents have no causes of action against them that are separate and apart from the causes of action that the Trustee settled with the Movants. Such a ruling would extinguish the standing of the Respondents, and the State Court Cases would need to be dismissed. Therefore, the Motion to Interpret is the functional equivalent of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. A Rule 12(b)(6) standard was used by the Bridge court to determine whether the trustee’s compromise in that case eliminated the creditors’ state court causes of action. Id. at 827. The Court will use the same standard 1 here. For purposes of the Motion *60 to Interpret, the Court will accept as true all of the Respondents’ factual allegations and construe them in the light most favorable to the Respondents. Nothing herein shall constitute a conclusion of law or finding of fact with regard to the merits of the Respondents’ claims. The Court need not determine whether the Respondents have actually stated claims for relief in the State Court Cases. To decide the Motion to Interpret, the Court need only determine whether those causes of action, as pled, are personal to the Respondents and therefore may be asserted by them, or are derivative and may only be asserted by the Trustee.

C. Property of the Debtor’s Estate Includes the Debtor’s Interest in Any Cause of Action That Has Accrued Prior to Bankruptcy

The filing of bankruptcy creates an estate consisting of all the debtor’s property, including all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1); Torch Liquidating Trust ex rel. Bridge Assocs. L.L.C. v. Stockstill, 561 F.3d 377, 386 (5th Cir.2009); In re Nagle, No. 05-42227, slip op. at 2 (Bankr.D.Md. Dec.20, 2006) (2006 WL 4458701) (“The filing of a bankruptcy petition creates a bankruptcy estate that is comprised of every interest held by the Debtor on that date in property of any kind.”) (citing Nat’l City Bank of Minneapolis v. Lapides (In re Transcolor Corp.), 296 B.R. 343, 353 (Bankr.D.Md.2003)). Section 541(a)(1) is interpreted broadly. Stockstill, 561 F.3d at 386; Logan v. JKV Real Estate Servs. (In re Bogdan), 414 F.3d 507, 512 (4th Cir.2005); Calafiore v. Werner Enters., Inc., 418 F.Supp.2d 795, 797 (D.Md.2006). “Property of the estate includes all of the debtor’s interests in any cause of action that has accrued prior to the bankruptcy petition. And ‘all,’ 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1), means ‘all.’ ” Miller v. Pacific Shore Funding, 287 B.R. 47, 50 (D.Md.2002) (emphasis in original); see Bogdan, 414 F.3d at 512; Calafiore, 418 F.Supp.2d at 797; TUG Liquidation, LLC v. Atwood (In re BuildNet, Inc.), Ch. 11 Case No. 01-82293, Adv. No. 04-9003, slip op. at 6 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. June 16, 2004) (2004 WL 1534296).

When a corporation files bankruptcy, the bankruptcy estate succeeds to the corporation’s rights against it directors. James Gadsden, Enforcement of Directors’ Fiduciary Duties in the Vicinity of Insolvency, 24-FEB Am. Bankr. Inst. J. 16, 47 (2005) [hereinafter Enforcement of Directors’ Fiduciary Duties ]. When an action is personal to a creditor, however, it is not property of the estate. David F. Heroy et ah, Fiduciary Duties of Officers and Directors of Financially Troubled Companies, 906 PLI/Comm 1067, 1098 (2008) [hereinafter Fiduciary Duties of Officers and Directors ].

D. State Law Determines What Causes of Action Belong to the Estate

State law determines whether a right to sue belongs to the debtor pursuant to Section 541(a) or to the individual creditor. The Mediators, Inc. v. Manney (In re The Mediators), 105 F.3d 822, 825 (2d Cir.1997); Steyr-Daimler-Puch of Am. Corp. v. Pappas, 852 F.2d 132, 135 (4th Cir.1988). In order to make this determination, a federal court must interpret state law in accordance with the highest state court. Private Mortgage Inv. Servs., Inc. *61 v. Hotel and Club Assocs., Inc., 296 F.3d 308, 312 (4th Cir.2002); Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Triangle Indus., Inc., 957 F.2d 1153, 1156 (4th Cir.1992). There is no process to certify an issue to the North Carolina Supreme Court and obtain an opinion, so it is necessary to predict how that court would decide an issue of state law. Liner v. DiCresce, 905 F.Supp. 280, 292 (M.D.N.C.1994).

Where the law is unclear, the federal court must predict how the highest state court would rule, considering canons of construction, restatements of the law, treatises, recent pronouncements of general rules of policies, well-considered dicta, and the state’s trial court decisions. Private Mortgage Inv. Servs., 296 F.3d at 312; Liberty Mut. Ins., 957 F.2d at 1156. Decisions by the state’s intermediate appellate court are the next best indicia of what state law is, although such decisions may be disregarded if the federal court is convinced by other persuasive data that the state’s highest court would decide otherwise. Private Mortgage Inv. Servs., 296 F.3d at 312; Liberty Mut. Ins., 957 F.2d at 1156.

E. The Fiduciary Duties of Corporate Directors in North Carolina

In North Carolina, the directors of a corporation generally owe a fiduciary duty to the corporation, and when it is alleged that the directors have breached this duty, only the corporation may sue, not a creditor or a shareholder. Keener Lumber Co. v. Perry, 149 N.C.App. 19, 560 S.E.2d 817, 822 (2002); Norman v. Nash Johnson & Sons’ Farms, Inc., 140 N.C.App. 390, 537 S.E.2d 248, 253 (2000); Green v. Condra, No. 08CVS6575, slip op. at 7 (N.C.Super.Ct. Aug. 14, 2009) (2009 WL 2488930). The duties of directors are to the corporation they serve and not to the shareholders, but they are enforceable by an action by the shareholders for the benefit of the corporation, known as a derivative suit. Silverman v. Miller (In re Silverman), 155 B.R. 362, 372 (Bankr. E.D.N.C.1993); Enforcement of Directors’ Fiduciary Duties, supra, at 47. In North Carolina, a director is required to discharge his duties as a director (1) in good faith, (2) with the care an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would exercise under similar circumstances, and (3) in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. 2 N.C. Gen.Stat. § 55 — 8—30(a); see Green, slip op. at 7.

In North Carolina, directors of a corporation do not owe a fiduciary duty to the creditors of the corporation. Kaplan v. O.K Techs., L.L.C., 675 S.E.2d 133, 139 (N.C.Ct.App.2009); Keener Lumber, 560 S.E.2d at 822; Oberlin Capital, L.P. v. Slavin, 147 N.C.App. 52, 554 S.E .2d 840, 845, 847 (2001); Whitley v. Carolina Clinic, Inc., 118 N.C.App. 523, 455 S.E.2d 896, 899 (1995). Thus, when the creditors of an insolvent corporation share an injury based on a common act, only a receiver or trustee has standing to assert the creditors’ collective claim against the directors of the corporation. Nat’l Am. Ins. Co. v. Ruppert Landscaping Co., 187 F.3d 439, 441 (4th Cir.1999); Angell v. Kelly, 336 F.Supp.2d 540, 544 (M.D.N.C.2004); Douglass v. Dawson, 190 N.C. 458, 130 S.E. 195, 200 (1925); Coble v. Beall, 130 N.C. 533, 41 S.E. 793, 794 (1902); Governor’s Club, Inc. v. Governors Club Ltd. P’ship., 152 N.C.App. 240, 567 S.E.2d 781, 786-87 *62