Corbett v. Weisband

These are five consolidated appeals and cross-appeals from judgments entered in two medical malpractice actions filed by Lucille Corbett against two doctors, a hospital, and an orthopedic association. The physicians treated her in succession: Dr. DeMoura from July through October 1978 and Dr. Weisband from December 1978 through August 1981. The plaintiff, Lucille Corbett, alleged in both actions that the defendants had been negligent in the care and treatment of a post-operative infection in her left knee, which ultimately led to the amputation of her leg in July of 1983.

I. PROCEDURE

The first of plaintiffs actions, docketed in the trial court at 1329 January, 1981, was brought against Jamilio De-Moura, M.D. and St. Joseph’s Hospital. Prior to trial, Ms. Corbett withdrew her claim against St. Joseph’s Hospital, 1 *298 leaving Dr. DeMoura as the only defendant in that action. The second action, docketed at 1512 September, 1983, was brought against I. David Weisband, D.O. and Regional Orthopedic Professional Association (“ROPA”). 2 The two actions were consolidated for trial. The trial, however, was bifurcated in terms of liability and damages.

At the liability trial, after the close of plaintiffs case, the trial court entered a compulsory non-suit in favor of defendant Dr. DeMoura. The trial proceeded against Dr. Weisband and ROPA. At the close of trial, on December 16, 1985, the jury retired for deliberations. The jury concluded its deliberations on December 18, 1985, and entered its verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against Dr. Weisband and ROPA. 3 The damage aspect of the case was tried the following morning, and the jury, after due deliberations, returned a verdict of $150,000 in the afternoon. Post-trial motions were filed by Ms. Corbett, and collectively by Dr. Weisband and ROPA. Subsequently, the post-trial motions of all parties were denied. Judgments were entered on the verdict and these appeals followed.

Plaintiff Corbett filed three appeals. Two (1106 and 1107 Philadelphia, 1987) are from the judgment entered against her in favor of Dr. DeMoura. Ms. Corbett’s third appeal (1105 Philadelphia, 1987) is from the judgment in her favor against Dr. Weisband and ROPA.

The defendants, Dr. Weisband and ROPA, filed two appeals. One (975 Philadelphia, 1987) is from the judgment in Ms. Corbett’s case against them. The other appeal (1167 Philadelphia, 1987) was taken by Dr. Weisband and ROPA from the judgment entered in favor of Dr. DeMoura in Ms. Corbett’s suit against Dr. DeMoura. In that appeal appel *299 lants argue that the trial court erred in denying Ms. Corbett's motion to remove the compulsory non-suit against her.

We will quash the appeal by Ms. Corbett at 1107 Philadelphia, 1987. It is identical to and, therefore, duplicative of the appeal at 1106 Philadelphia, 1987. We will also quash, for lack of standing, the appeal at 1167 Philadelphia, 1987, by Dr. Weisband and ROPA from the judgment entered upon the order refusing to remove the compulsory non-suit in favor of Br. BeMoura. This Court has held that “[w]hen separate actions are consolidated for trial, each action retains its separate character. Each has its separate docket entries, and each produces its own verdict and judgment” Roznowski v. Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Insurance Co., 343 Pa.Super. 7, 12, 493 A.2d 775, 777-78 (1985). Because Br. Weisband and ROPA were not parties to the action by Ms. Corbett against Br. BeMoura, they do not have standing to appeal the trial court’s order in that ease irrespective of the fact that the ease was consolidated by the trial court with Ms. Corbett’s suit against them. 4

Three appeals remain. Ms. Corbett contends, in her appeal at 1106 Philadelphia, 1987, that the trial court erred in granting the compulsory non-suit against her in favor of Dr. BeMoura and requests that the case be remanded for a new trial against Mm.

Br. Weisband and ROPA, in their appeal at 975 Philadelphia, 1987, contend that they are entitled to judgment n.o.v. on the ground that the statute of limitations bars Ms. Corbett’s claim against them. In the alternative, they seek a new trial due to alleged trial errors.

Finally, in her appeal at 1105 Philadelphia, 1987, Ms. Corbett contends that as a result of certain erroneous trial *300 rulings the verdict in her favor is inadequate and her case should be remanded for a new trial against Dr. Weisband and ROPA as to damages only.

We will consider these appeals and the parties’ contentions after a summary of the facts.

II. SUMMARY OF FACTS

At the time of trial, Ms. Corbett was sixty-eight (68) years old. She had been employed as a domestic throughout her working life, and first developed knee sores while scrubbing floors in Philadelphia during the late 1930’s and early 1940’s. These problems recurred during the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. In 1969 Ms. Corbett suffered an additional injury to her knee, for which she received treatment. In October 1971, surgery was performed on her left knee to have cartilage removed. This was the first time that surgery was performed on her knee. In 1973, Ms. Corbett came under the care of Dr. DeMoura. Dr. DeMoura performed surgery on her spine in 1974 and on her right knee in 1975 or 1976. Thus, it is evident from the record that Ms. Corbett has a long history of medical problems, primarily involving her knees.

The events giving rise to these lawsuits commenced in July 1978 with the operation by Dr. DeMoura on Ms. Corbett’s left knee. Following the operation, Dr. DeMoura continued to treat Ms. Corbett through October 1978. In December 1978, she came under the care of Dr. Weisband, for treatment of a knee infection. He treated her through August 1981. During that time, in October 1980, she had a left knee fusion performed by Dr. Weisband at Metropolitan Hospital. According to Dr. Greene, 5 who began treating her in September 1981, the left knee fusion was not successful. Ms. Corbett was hospitalized in December 1981 at which time Dr. Greene performed a total knee replacement on her left knee. From January 5 through 30, 1982, Ms. Corbett was readmitted to the hospital under Dr. Greene's care because the wound in front of her left knee joint had *301 opened. She was discharged once the wound began to heal. In March, Ms. Corbett again was admitted to the hospital under Dr. Greene’s care because the wound had not yet healed.

Ms. Corbett was not hospitalized again until November, 1982, when she broke her left leg as she was climbing out of bed. She remained in the hospital for nine months following this admission. During this time period, in April 1983, the knee implant was removed because it had become infected. Several months later, in July 1983, Ms. Corbett’s leg was amputated above the knee because it was Dr. Greene’s belief that the infection would never clear. The aforementioned legal actions followed.

III. CORBETT vs. DeMOURA

Ms. Corbett has appealed from the judgment entered by the trial court in favor of Dr. DeMoura. All of the events which are the subject of this appeal occurred between July and October, 1978.

Ms. Corbett argues that the trial court erred in granting Dr. DeMoura’s motion for a compulsory non-suit which was made at the conclusion of plaintiff’s liability case against Dr. DeMoura. Dr. DeMoura contends that the testimony of Ms. Corbett’s expert, Dr. Starks, contained irreconcilable conflicts, and thus was not sufficient to present an issue to the jury. Ms. Corbett responds that the testimony of her expert, Dr. Starks, was not contradictory, but rather was sufficient to create a question for the jury concerning Dr. DeMoura’s alleged negligence. Therefore, she argues that she is entitled to a new trial. We agree.

“A non-suit may not be granted unless the jury, viewing all the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising from it, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, could not reasonably conclude that the elements of the cause of action have been established.” Mazza v. Mattiace, 284 Pa.Super. 273, 277, 425 A.2d 809, 811-12 (1981). To establish a prima facie case of professional medical negligence, Ms. Corbett must prove by competent evidence that the *302 conduct of Dr. DeMoura fell “below the standards of reasonable medical practice, and that her injuries [were] caused by [his] failure to provide such medical care.” Reichman v. Wallach, 306 Pa.Super. 177, 183, 452 A.2d 501, 504 (1982).

Before addressing the legal arguments on this issue, we must expand our summary of the facts listed above. Ms. Corbett was admitted to the hospital on July 11, 1978. Dr. DeMoura operated on her knee the following day, July 12, 1978. She was discharged on July 19th. Ms. Corbett was readmitted to the hospital on July 25, 1978, where she remained until August 26, 1978, due to a post-operative infection. She remained under Dr. DeMoura’s care until October 10, 1978. Her expert witness, Dr. Starks, was critical of Dr. DeMoura’s treatment on two counts: (1) that a different antibiotic should have been utilized; and (2) that debridement of the left knee should have been performed in the operating room under general anesthesia.

Dr. Starks was the only expert to testify against Dr. DeMoura. He took the witness stand and was duly qualified as an expert in orthopedic surgery. The gravamen of Dr. Starks’ theory was that an enterobacter organism, existing dormant in the wound from Ms. Corbett’s prior difficulties, caused her later infection. After outlining the course of treatment which Ms. Corbett received while under the care of Dr. DeMoura, Dr. Starks specifically testified that in his opinion, based upon a reasonable degree of medical certainty, the wound should have been debrided in the operating room and gentamicin should have been administered with close monitoring. This opinion was offered during the following exchange:

BY MR. FINNEY [Ms. Corbett’s counsel]:

Q. Doctor, based upon all the facts in the record that we have reviewed this morning, and that appear in the chart for the St. Joseph’s Hospital, do you have an opinion, based upon a reasonable degree of medical certainty, as to whether the medical treatment for this patient met the standard of reasonable care as it existed in 1978?

A. My opinion is that it did not.

*303 Q. Would you please explain your opinion, sir?

A. I feel that according to the standards of good and reasonable care, the wound should have been debrided more widely in the operating room under an anesthetic so that all of the necrotic tissue could have been removed to normal, healthy tissue. And I believe that the gentamicin should have been administered with the blood urea nitrogen level being monitored very closely.

Trial transcript, December 9, 1985 at 39-40 (emphasis added). Further, Dr. Starks opined that the keflex prescribed by Dr. DeMoura failed to kill the enterobacter organism. He explained Ms position, stating:

It’s my opinion that the infection that was originally treated subsided, but was not cured or eliminated and that It did lie dormant or quiescent In the tissues and was then — then again became active at the time of the Metropolitan Hospital admission, producing a recurrence of infection.

T.T., December 9, 1985 at 52. Thus, there can be no doubt that on direct examination Ms. Corbett’s expert witness unequivocally stated that in Ms opinion, Dr. DeMoura’s treatment fell below the standard of good and reasonable care.

On cross-examination, defense counsel attempted to get Dr. Starks to recant his testimony. With regard to the debridement issue, the following testimony was elicited:

[BY MR. BuBOIS, attorney for Dr. DeMoura:]

Q. Would you agree with me that it is important to debride away or to cut away all of the dead or necrosed tissue?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And if in the judgment of the treating physician that could be done at a hospital bedside, you would have to agree with that type of treatment; would you not?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And by the way, ... you have talked in your testimony about going to the operating room and going through a debridement under general anesthesia; Is that right?

*304 A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is it correct that there are risks associated with general anesthesia?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is it correct that patients can die as a result of general anesthesia?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. If you can avoid using general anesthesia in a case, Dr. Starks, will you avoid it?

A. Yes, sir.

‡ $ * * * *

Q. All right. Would you agree with me that you would try to avoid general anesthesia in cases because it is risky and dangerous?

A. Yes, sir.

T.T., December 9, 1985 at 72-73 (emphasis added). Although Dr. Starks testified generally concerning dangers which possibly can occur in the use of general anesthesia, defense counsel did not elicit from the witness testimony that under the facts of the ease at bar, the dangers of anesthesia outweighed the danger posed by not being able to fully debride the wound such that in this instance the treatment fell below the standards of good and reasonable care. In other words, cross-examination focused on generalities, rather than on the specifics of this case.

It was not contradictory, therefore, that on redirect testimony, Dr. Starks reiterated his position by stating that, in his opinion, the infection that was present in 1978 never went away:

[By Mr. Finney:]

Q. [D]o you have an opinion, doctor, whether the infection which is seen in December of '78 at Metropolitan, whether or not that is the same infection that we were talking about back in July and August?

* * * * * *

A. It’s my opinion that it is the same infection.

THE COURT: Well, that means enterobacter?

*305 THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.

T.T., December 8, 1985 at 88-89. Further, Dr. Starks explained,

I feel that the infection that we saw in the summer of 1978 subsided, but it was not cured, and that the organisms that caused the infection remained dormant in the tissues and then were reactivated by the fall and reinjury, and therefore, you would have to say that it was the same infection that had recurred as a result of the reinjury.

T.T., December 9, 1985 at 91. Dr. Starks fully explained the reasons why the organism never went away: the wound was not fully debrided and a strong enough antibiotic was not used.

Upon thoroughly reviewing this testimony, we do not agree with Dr. DeMoura’s contention that Dr. Starks waivered from his opinion to such an extent that it could not be relied upon to support a verdict for Ms. Corbett. However, even had he waivered, in the case of Brannan v. Lankenau Hospital, 490 Pa. 588, 417 A.2d 196 (1980), the Supreme Court held that a “relatively minor divergence in only a part of appellant’s expert testimony, when viewed against the testimony as a whole” does not sufficiently compromise the witness’ testimony on direct so as to justify the removal of the issue from jury consideration. Id., 490 Pa. at 597, 417 A.2d at 200. Therefore, the trial court erred in granting the non-suit and we remand the case for a new trial against Dr. DeMoura. 6

IV. CORBETT vs. WEISBAND AND ROPA

In her suit against Dr. Weisband and ROPA, Ms. Corbett focuses on two specific periods of treatment: her stay at Metropolitan Hospital under Dr. Weisband’s care from December 18 through 24, 1978, and a knee fusion procedure performed by Dr. Weisband in October, 1980.

*306 A. Facts

Ms. Corbett first came under Dr. Weisband’s care on December 18, 1978, when she entered the emergency room of Metropolitan Hospital. Dr. Weisband testified that he was told by the resident who had examined Ms. Corbett that she had a prior record of infection about the knee joint, that she had fallen four days prior to admission, and that there was no break in the skin at the knee. Dr. Weisband testified that, given her history, he was “concerned about a very severe underlying infection.” He reviewed an X-ray and concluded that there were signs of osteomyelitis. 7 Dr. Weisband additionally testified that when he first saw Ms. Corbett on the 19th, the day following her admission, the wound was draining well and “it didn’t require being opened up.” He stated that the standard treatment of chronic osteomyelitis was to administer long-term antibiotics, first intravenous and then oral. He also planned to do a series of tests on Ms. Corbett. However, Dr. Weisband testified that Ms. Corbett left the hospital on December 24th because she wanted to go home for Christmas. “Osteomyelitis” was not specifically listed on the discharge diagnosis, however, and Dr. Weisband testified that this was because the necessary tests to confirm it were not performed due to Ms. Corbett’s premature departure.

*307 The second period of treatment at issue in this dispute occurred during October 1980. Prior to such treatment, during the summer of 1980, Ms. Corbett had struck her left knee during a traffic accident. She received some initial treatment at Metropolitan Hospital, and later returned when “the infection had started back.” During office visits with Dr. Mogil, a ROPA associate, in September, 1980, Ms. Corbett complained of severe pain in her knee. Dr. Mogil testified that he told her on September 4th that an arthrodesis, a knee fusion, should be performed, and that he explained the procedure to her. Ms. Corbett, however, testified that Dr. Mogil had never discussed an arthrodesis or knee fusion procedure with her. In any event, the ROPA doctors made preparations to have Ms. Corbett admitted for a knee fusion. On October 17, 1980, one Dr. Rubin admitted Ms. Corbett because of stomach and constipation problems. The ROPA group finally came “on service” on October 27, 1980, at which time the patient came under their charge. On October 31, Dr. Weisband performed the arthrodesis.

Ms. Corbett’s counsel first argued at trial that although Dr. Weisband diagnosed her condition as preexisting and chronic osteomyelitis of her left knee, he failed to properly treat the condition in December 1978. Second, her counsel argued that the doctor, without her prior informed consent, negligently performed the arthrodesis on October 31, 1980. Further, counsel contended that Dr. Weisband’s negligent and unauthorized conduct toward her resulted in the aggravation and exacerbation of the preexisting osteomyelitis in her left knee which, eventually, on July 18,1988, resulted in the amputation of her left leg. Finally, Ms. Corbett’s counsel asserted that she was unable to discover the existence of her injury [the aggravation and exacerbation of a preexisting osteomyelitis], the operative conduct of Dr. Weisband in failing to properly diagnose and treat the knee and then performing the fusion, and the causal relationship between the two, until September 12, 1988, when she received the information from Dr. Greene.

*308 Both parties filed appeals and cross-appeals in this action. We address, first, the appeal of Dr. Weisband and ROPA.

B. Appeal of Dr. Weisband and ROPA 975 Philadelphia, 1987

1. Judgment N.O.V.

Dr. Weisband and ROPA assert that the trial court erred in not entering judgment n.o.v. in their favor because Ms. Corbett’s claim was brought after the two-year statute of limitations had run. 42 Pa.C.S. § 5524. Ms. Corbett responds that under the “discovery rule,” the limitations period does not begin to run until the date she learned of Dr. Weisband’s injuries to her, and that this date is after September 13, 1981.

Initially, we note that in reviewing the denial of a judgment n.o.v., this Court must examine the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the verdict winner. Carrecter v. Colson Equipment Co., 346 Pa.Super. 95, 499 A.2d 326 (1985). Judgment n.o.v. will not be entered unless “the facts are such that two reasonable persons could not fail to agree that the verdict was improper.” Dambacher by Dambacher v. Mallis, 336 Pa.Super. 22, 33, 485 A.2d 408, 414 (1984) (citations omitted). Where the statute of limitations is at issue, the burden of proof falls on the plaintiff to demonstrate that the cause of action is not barred by the passage of time and that his or her failure to file the action in timely fashion is excusable.

To reiterate, Ms. Corbett was under the care of Dr. Weisband and his associates at ROPA from December 18, 1978, until August 6, 1981. During that time she was hospitalized on numerous occasions, the two most important of which, for purposes of this law suit, are December 18 through 24, 1978, and October 27 through December 5, 1980. During the December 1978 hospitalization, she was treated for an infection in the knee. During the autumn 1980 hospitalization, Dr. Weisband attempted to fuse her knee.

*309 Ms. Corbett filed her action against Dr. Weisband and ROPA on September 13, 1983. She claims in her suit that Dr. Weisband: (1) failed to treat her osteomyelitis properly, (2) negligently performed an arthrodesis on her left knee, and (3) performed the arthrodesis on her left knee without her consent. As a result, she contends, Dr. Weisband inflicted an injury by prolonging and aggravating the infection in her left knee, thereby necessitating further surgical procedures on her knee, eventually leading to amputation. The symptoms of Ms. Corbett’s injury inflicted by Dr. Weisband were primarily pain, and secondarily, limitation of motion in her knee.

Under the doctrine known as the “discovery rule,” the statute of limitations does not begin to run “until the plaintiff has discovered his injury, or, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have discovered his injury.” Groover v. Riddle Memorial Hospital, 357 Pa.Super. 420, 423, 516 A.2d 53, 55 (1986), quoting Cathcart v. Keene Indus. Insulation, 324 Pa.Super. 123, 135-36, 471 A.2d 493, 500 (1984). Our Supreme Court has held that “[a]n injury is done when the act heralding a possible tort inflicts a damage which is physically objective and ascertainable.” Groover, 357 Pa.Super. at 428, 516 A.2d at 57, quoting Ayers v. Morgan, 397 Pa. 282, 290, 154 A.2d 788, 792 (1959). Therefore, in cases such as these the jury must determine at what point a patient, using reasonable diligence, should have become aware that an injury had been inflicted upon her, and measure two years from then to determine whether a claim is time-barred.

In medical malpractice actions, defendants have relied upon DeMartino v. Albert Einstein Medical Center, Northern Division, 313 Pa.Super. 492, 460 A.2d 295 (1983), and related cases in attacking plaintiffs’ contentions that they should be excused from the statutory limitations period. DeMartino sets forth the standard against which a plaintiff’s knowledge is measured: did the patient know, or should the patient through the exercise of reasonable diligence have known, of (1) her injury; (2) the operative cause *310 of her injury; and, (3) the causal relationship between her injury and the operative conduct? 8 In the case at bar, the trial court submitted the issue to the jury in a special interrogatory, as follows: “Is this suit by the plaintiff barred by the Statute of Limitations?” The jury answered “no.” Further, “[i]s any conduct of [Drs. Weisband and Mogil] before October 1980 barred by the Statute of Limitations?” The jury answered “no.” Thus, the only question we must address is whether there is any evidence to support the jury’s conclusion that Ms. Corbett, having exercised reasonable diligence, was justified in not discovering her injury until after September 13, 1981, which was less than two years before she brought her suit against Dr. Weisband.

a. Osteomyelitis

It is central to the analysis under the discovery rule that an injury must be “ascertainable.” Groover, 357 Pa.Super. at 428, 516 A.2d at 57. In numerous visits to Dr. Weisband’s office after the first procedure of which Ms. Corbett complains, treatment of the infection in December 1978, her condition was repeatedly assessed by Dr. Weisband as “stable.” 9 Further, on March 6, 1980, fifteen months after the first hospitalization, Dr. Weisband wrote a letter to Ms. Corbett’s attorney diagnosing her condition as pyoarthritis and osteoarthritis, without mentioning osteomyelitis. Finally, when Ms. Corbett first consulted Dr. *311 Greene, on September 8, 1981, he failed to detect the infection deep in her knee. 10 Therefore, there is ample evidence to support the jury’s finding that Ms. Corbett was justified in not having discovered her injury, resulting from Dr. Weisband’s failure to treat the osteomyelitis, prior to September 13, 1981.

b. Arthrodesis

The second procedure of which Ms. Corbett complains, the arthrodesis or attempted knee fusion, occurred on October 31, 1980. Appellants argue that Ms. Corbett should have brought her action within two years of the procedure, or at the very latest, within two years of when she first learned from Dr. Greene that the fusion performed by Dr. Weisband “didn’t take.” Dr. Greene first examined her and spoke to her on September 8, 1981, so Dr. Weisband and ROPA contend that any action as to the arthrodesis is necessarily time-barred as of September 8, 1983, five days before her suit was filed.

We address the latter contention first. Dr. Weisband and ROPA contend that Ms. Corbett’s lack of consent claim should have been time-barred as of September 8, 1983 because, they allege, Dr. Greene told her on September 8, 1981 that a fusion had been performed by Dr. Weisband and that it had failed. Since such a statement would have put her on notice that an unauthorized procedure had been carried out, they argue, judgment n.o.v. should have been granted. We disagree, and hold that the testimony of record is such that two reasonable minds could differ as to whether Ms. Corbett understood that an unauthorized medical procedure had been performed on her.

First, Dr. Greene’s testimony is in conflict. He did not testify at trial. Rather, his videotape deposition was played for the jury and entered into the record on that basis. The deposition testimony which Dr. Weisband asserts shows that Ms. Corbett should have been put on notice that a *312 fusion had been performed centered on a “note” which Dr. Greene recorded concerning Ms. Corbett’s visit to him on September 8, 1981. In the course of the deposition Mr. Schell, who by this time was serving as counsel to Dr. Weisband and ROPA, asked Dr. Greene to read part of the note. The excerpt read by Dr. Greene indicated that a fusion had been performed in the past, and that it did not succeed. There is no indication of record that Ms. Corbett was given a copy of the note to read. However, Dr. Greene testified in the deposition that he “told her that the fusion didn’t take.” T.T., December 10,1985 at 157. Importantly, later in the deposition, Dr. Greene was asked by Mr. Finney whether he recalled telling Ms. Corbett on September 8th that the prior operation had been an attempted fusion of the knee. Dr. Greene answered, “[n]o, I did not. There wouldn’t have been any reason for me to say that to her.” T.T., December 10, 1985 at 181. Thus, the two statements by Dr. Greene are in conflict.

Considering the above ambiguous testimony regarding Dr. Greene’s statements to Ms. Corbett on September 8, 1981, along with testimony by Ms. Corbett that she was not told of the procedure and the recognition by all parties that no signed consent form for the arthrodesis is in existence, we hold that the testimony of record could support the jury’s finding that Ms. Corbett did not know, and through the exercise of reasonable diligence could not have known, until after September 13, 1981, that a procedure which she had not authorized had been performed on her. Since reasonable minds could differ on this issue, the trial judge properly denied the motion for judgment n.o.v.

Next, we consider Dr. Weisband and ROPA’s claim that Ms. Corbett knew or should have known within two years of October 31,1980 that the arthrodesis had been negligently performed. In addressing this issue, it is important to place into perspective Ms. Corbett’s condition, as perceived by her, when she initially came under Dr. Weisband’s care in December 1978, and during the two years leading up to the procedure of October 31, 1980. To reiterate, she had *313 experienced chronic knee problems since the 1930’s. The problems were serious enough that she was using a cane prior to 1978. After Dr. DeMoura performed surgery on her knee in July 1978, she experienced pain in the knee, it did not heal, and it became infected. During the autumn of 1978 she was again hospitalized for her knee condition. She testified, “I was in sort of like a daze because my leg was aggravating me so much until I didn’t exactly know what was happening.” T.T., December 2,1985 at 19. She continued in therapy for several months “because my leg had been bothering me so much and I couldn’t work and do nothing. I couldn’t get around like I wanted to get around.” Id. at 20-21.

Ms. Corbett testified that in early 1979, after the December 1978 procedure by Dr. Weisband, she had difficulty walking. Her leg was wrapped from her ankle to the middle of her thigh, and it “hurt a lot.” She wore a brace, and walked with the aid of crutches and a cane. Dr. Weisband saw her as an outpatient on many occasions in 1979 and 1980. He testified that on January 16, 1979 Ms. Corbett complained of pain due to a grinding sensation in her left knee. On February 13, 1979 she complained that her knee was giving out. The doctor observed that she was walking with a limp, or a guarded gait, and he prescribed a brace.

On July 2, 1979 Ms. Corbett again complained of pain, although she was still using the brace. In Ms. Corbett’s visit to the office on October 23, 1979 Dr. Weisband noted that the “[l]eft knee is unstable in all planes,” and that it continued to give out despite the use of a brace. T.T., December 11, 1985 at 60.

Dr. Weisband testified that he believed in 1979 that a fusion could alleviate some of Ms. Corbett’s pain. However, he told her such a procedure could not be done at this time because of medication she was taking to prevent blood clots. Instead, the doctor ordered “a much larger knee brace,” called a Lennox Hill brace, for her. T.T., December 11, 1985 at 61.

*314 In February 1980, Ms. Corbett complained of burning in her knee, despite the use of the Lennox Hill brace. On September 4, 1980, Ms. Corbett saw another ROPA associate, Dr. Mogil, and told him that she had severe pain in her knee and was unable to stand on it for more than three minutes. As of September 18, 1980, Ms. Corbett was no longer taking medication for blood thinner, so the ROPA doctors made preparations for her to be admitted to Metropolitan Hospital for an arthrodesis procedure. These preparations included the ordering of an expensive compression device for use in the arthrodesis procedure. The surgery was carried out on October 31, 1980.

Given Ms. Corbett’s lengthy prior history of discomfort, immobility and suffering involving her knee, we do not agree with Dr. Weisband and ROPA’s contention that the jury was not justified in finding that Ms. Corbett could not have discovered prior to September 13,1981 that the arthrodesis was negligently performed. To the contrary, the record indicates with startling clarity that Ms. Corbett’s pain continued unabated throughout her treatment by Dr. Weisband and Dr. Greene. Therefore, the jury properly concluded that reasonable minds could differ on the issue of Ms. Corbett’s knowledge of her injuries, i.e., Dr. Weisband’s negligently performed arthrodesis, and the trial court properly denied the motion for judgment n.o.v.

Where the appropriate standard of conduct required of a plaintiff for the protection of her interests is at issue, a determination thereof is properly left to the jury. Petri v. Smith, 307 Pa.Super. 261, 453 A.2d 342 (1982). In Petri, our Court held that the question of whether the causal relationship between the injuries sustained by plaintiffs son at childbirth and the delivering physician was knowable to the plaintiff prior to the running of the statute of limitations, was a jury question. Id. Accord, Taylor v. Tukanowicz, 290 Pa.Super. 581, 435 A.2d 181 (1981); Irrera v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, 231 Pa.Super. 508, 331 A.2d 705 (1974). See also, Smith v. Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, 397 Pa. 134, *315 153 A.2d 477 (1959) (Whether statute of limitations has ran on a claim is usually a question of law for the judge, but where the issue involves a factual determination, i.e., what is a reasonable period, the determination is for the jury).

In conclusion, the trial court properly denied Dr. Weisband and ROPA’s motion for judgment n.o.v. because the jury had adequate evidence on which to base its decision that Ms. Corbett was justified in not knowing, prior to September 13, 1981, of the injuries inflicted upon her by Dr. Weisband.

2. New Trial

a.

In addition to arguing that the trial court should have granted judgment n.o.v., Dr. Weisband and ROPA alternatively argue that they should be granted a new trial because of various alleged trial errors. First, they contend that the trial court erred in failing to preclude the expert testimony of Drs. Meinhard, Spicehandler, and Greene.

We agree with the trial court that Drs. Spicehandler and Greene were properly permitted to testify. As the trial court noted, Dr. Spicehandler’s report did not introduce any issues of which Dr. Weisband was not already aware. Trial court opinion at 32-33. We are unconvinced by Dr. Weisband’s contention that he did not know until November 15, 1985, that he would have to prepare a defense in the area of infectious diseases. Moreover, we concur with the trial court that no prejudice arose from allowing Dr. Meinhard to interpret the X-ray films of Ms. Corbett. See trial court opinion at 33-34. With respect to Dr. Greene, he was identified in Plaintiff’s Answers to Interrogatories.

b.

Dr. Weisband and ROPA next contend that the trial court committed prejudicial error when it refused to grant a continuance, requested on November 22, 1985, which was sought because Mr. Gallo, one of Dr. Weisband’s attorneys, had to appear in Federal Court. “The trial court is vested *316 with broad discretion in the determination of whether a request for a continuance should be granted, and an appellate court should not disturb such a decision unless an abuse of that discretion is apparent.” Walasavage v. Marinelli, 334 Pa.Super. 396, 413, 483 A.2d 509, 518 (1984). We find no abuse of discretion.

The case cited by Dr. Weisband and ROPA in support of their showing of prejudice, Westinghouse Elevator Co. v. Herron, 514 Pa. 252, 523 A.2d 723 (1987) [coincidentally, a case involving Mr. Schell, who was the attorney trying the instant case, in place of his partner, Mr. Gallo], contains many factors not present here. In that case, our Supreme Court found:

the record supports the findings that Mr. Schell could not have adequately reviewed the record in so short a time, that Mr. Schell was not present at any proceedings in this case prior to Mr. Byrne’s illness; that Mr. Schell had no prior familiarity with the case and no hand in forming trial strategy; and that contrary interests of the other defendants compounded Mr. Schell’s difficulties____

Id., 514 Pa. at 260, 523 A.2d at 727-28. The record in the case at bar reveals that Mr. Schell had much greater familiarity with the instant matter, than he did in the Westinghouse case. As counsel to St. Joseph’s Hospital and partner to Mr. Gallo, Mr. Schell had a familiarity with the case sufficient to justify the trial court’s decision not to grant the continuance. Moreover, Dr. Weisband and ROPA have not demonstrated that they were prejudiced in any way by Mr. Schell’s representation. Therefore, we will not disturb the trial court’s decision not to grant the continuance.

c.

Dr. Weisband and ROPA next argue that the trial court ab