Chehade Refai v. Lazaro

ORDER

Presently before the Court is Defendant Peter Lazaro’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. # 44), filed on December 8, 2008. Plaintiff filed an Opposition (Doc. # 58) on January 23, 2009. Defendant Peter Lazaro filed a Reply (Doc. # 62) on February 17, 2009.

Also before the Court is Defendant United States’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. # 45), filed on December 8, 2008. Plaintiff filed an Opposition (Doc. # 59) on January 23, 2009. Defendant United States filed a Reply (Doc. # 63) on February 17, 2009. The Court held a hearing on these matters on March 31, 2009.

I. BACKGROUND

As alleged in the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), Plaintiff Mohamed Majed Chehade Refai (“Chehade”) is a sixty-three-year-old German citizen and resident. (First Am. Compl. (“FAC”) ¶¶ 12, 26.) Chehade married a United States citizen, Joanne Mulligan (“Mulligan”), in 1976. (Id. ¶ 12.) The two have three children, all of whom are United States citizens. (Id.) Chehade has visited the United States almost every year since 1978 and has owned a home in Massachusetts for approximately thirty years. (Id.)

On December 28, 2006, Chehade arrived at McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas on a flight from Frankfurt, Germany. (Id. ¶ 21.) Chehade was entering the United States to visit his daughter, a California resident. (Id.) At the immigration counter, Customs and Border Patrol Officer William Jones (“Jones”) spoke with Chehade and checked information on a computer. (Id. ¶ 22.) Jones then escorted Chehade to a room where Jones announced without explanation that Chehade was being denied entry into the United States. (Id.) Jones proceeded to question Chehade about his nationality, ancestry, and personal information, recording the answers on a Department of Justice “Record of Sworn Statement in Administrative Proceedings” and forcing Chehade to sign the document. (Id.) Jones thereafter told Chehade he either could voluntarily return to Germany on the 4:55 p.m. flight that day or await further investigation while in detention. (Id. ¶ 23.) Chehade opted to return to Germany. (Id.)

Defendant Peter Lazaro (“Lazaro”), a Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) Senior Special Agent of Investigation, then arrived to interrogate Chehade. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 24.) Some of Lazaro’s questions “bordered on the bizarre,” such as whether Chehade knew who killed former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq A1 Hariri. (Id. ¶ 24.) Chehade answered the questions fully and truthfully but was not permitted to catch the 4:55 flight. (Id.) Thereafter, DHS agents transferred Chehade to the North Las Vegas Detention Center (“NLVDC”). (Id. ¶ 26.) En route, DHS agents handcuffed Chehade behind his back, causing him shoulder pain. (Id.) DHS agents also placed Chehade in the backseat of a car without buckling his seat-belt, thereby causing him to hit his head on the front seat at every stop. (Id.)

Upon arrival at NLVDC, jail officials placed Chehade in a cell overnight with twenty-five other inmates, including those charged with violent offenses. (Id. ¶ 27.) The cell had no heat, bed, or blankets, and Chehade passed the night on the floor without a jacket. (Id.) Chehade feared the humiliation of using the toilet in front of the other inmates and thus did not eat *1109 until his transfer to another cell the next day. (Id.)

On December 29, Chehade was taken back to the airport for further questioning. (Id. ¶28.) He waited four to five hours but nobody came to question him. (Id.) At one point a female officer came into the room and shouted something similar to “You, Syrian, come here!” (Id.) Chehade was then returned to NLVDC, where he was placed in a four-man cell with at least one other inmate. (Id. ¶¶ 28, 36.)

After he arrived back at NLVDC, officers took Chehade and another inmate to a room where the officers told them to strip. (Id. ¶ 36.) The officers then told them to kneel down and cough, while the officers visually examined their anuses and genitals from the backside. (Id.) The officers asked Chehade to repeat the procedure, purportedly because Chehade did not expose himself to the officers’ satisfaction the first time. (Id.)

On December 30, Lazaro and an unidentified woman questioned Chehade at NLVDC. (M ¶ 29.) They told Chehade they were the only ones who could help him but he had to cooperate. (Id.) They demanded that upon returning to Germany, he provide them with information on people with anti-American sentiments. (Id.) They informed him if he did not cooperate he would not be able to return to the United States. (Id.) Lazaro allegedly gave him a card with contact information and instructed Chehade to email him upon arrival in Germany. (Id.) Chehade understood these comments as demanding he spy for the United States if he wanted to return to see his daughter and grandchild. (Id.)

During his detention, DHS and NLVDC officials allegedly denied Chehade his heart medication for approximately thirty-six hours. (Id. ¶ 33.) Prior to Chehade’s transport to NLVDC, Lazaro had been informed that Chehade suffered a massive heart attack two years prior, underwent multiple bypass surgeries, and took medication to prevent future problems. (Id.) However, upon arrival at NLVDC, jail officials took Chehade’s heart medication along with his other possessions, refusing Chehade’s request to keep the medication and claiming they would dispense their own medication to him. (Id.) On December 29, Chehade requested his medication but was refused. (Id. ¶ 34.) At around lunchtime that day, medics took Chehade’s blood pressure, expressing concern over a dangerously high systolic pressure. (Id.) Chehade explained his heart conditions but did not receive any medication. (Id.) Chehade also experienced nosebleeds and an arrhythmic heartbeat. (Id.) Although a doctor allegedly was on call, Chehade was not aware of the doctor’s presence nor permitted to see him or her. (Id. ¶ 35.) At approximately 9:30 a.m. on December 30, Chehade was given medication. (Id. ¶ 34.)

On December 31, DHS and NLVDC officials released Chehade from custody and returned him to the airport, without allowing him to change clothes or shave, and forcing him to appear in public in handcuffs. (Id. ¶ 30.) He was allowed to change clothes at the terminal before his flight back to Germany. (Id.) Shortly thereafter, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection spokesperson, Roxanne Hercules, told the press Chehade had been detained and excluded because of a criminal record or terrorism issue. (Id. ¶ 31.) No criminal charges were filed against Chehade concerning this incident and he has never been connected to terrorism. (Id.)

Subsequently, in the summer of 2007, two members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (“FBI”) Joint Task Force in Boston, Special Agent John Crane and Massachusetts State Trooper Thomas Sar *1110 rouf (“Sarrouf’), approached Chehade’s wife, Mulligan, at Boston’s Logan International Airport and informed her the detention and exclusion of Chehade from the United States had been a mistake. (Id. ¶ 32.) They offered to assist in obtaining another U.S. visa for Chehade and gave her their business cards. (Id.) In early 2008, Sarrouf told Mulligan over the telephone that Chehade had been placed on a watch list incorrectly but his name had been removed after his detention. (Id.)

On March 18, 2008, Chehade filed an administrative claim with DHS. (Id. ¶ 10.) As of the initial date of this action, DHS had not decided Chehade’s claim. (Id.) Chehade filed suit in this Court on August 20, 2008 against Lazaro in his individual capacity under Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the City of North Las Vegas, the City of North Las Vegas Police Department (“NLVPD”), and NLVPD Chief of Police Mark Paresi (“Paresi”) in his individual capacity. (Compl.(Doc.# 1) at 3^4.)

Chehade filed the FAC on October 7, 2008, adding the United States as a Defendant. (FAC ¶ 13.) Chehade brings nine causes of action: violation of the Fourth Amendment against Lazaro (count 1); violation of the Fifth Amendment against Lazaro (count 2); violation of the Fourteenth Amendment against North Las Vegas, NLVPD, and Paresi (count 3); intentional infliction of emotional distress against all Defendants except Lazaro (count 4); negligent infliction of emotional distress against all Defendants except Lazaro (count 5); assault against all Defendants except the United States and Lazaro (count 6); battery against all Defendants except the United States and Lazaro (count 7); negligence against all Defendants except Lazaro (count 8); and deprivation of civil rights through intimidation against the United States and Lazaro (count 9). (Id. at 11-16.) Lazaro and the United States now move separately to dismiss.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the Court “must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and must accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true.” Siaperas v. Mont. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 480 F.3d 1001, 1003 (9th Cir.2007) (quotation omitted). Although a plaintiffs factual allegations need not be detailed, a plaintiff must allege “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Dismissal is proper only if no cognizable legal theory exists or the plaintiff has alleged insufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory. Siaperas, 480 F.3d at 1003. “ ‘The issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.’ ” Hydrick v. Hunter, 500 F.3d 978, 985 (9th Cir.2007) (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)).

III. LAZARO’S MOTION TO DISMISS

As an initial matter, Chehade concedes the dismissal of count nine, as well as claims against Lazaro regarding Chehade’s detention, the conditions of the confinement, use of excessive force, and efforts to enlist Chehade as a spy. As such, the remaining conduct on which counts one and two are based includes Lazaro’s alleged involvement in strip searching and withholding medical care and medication from Chehade. Lazaro argues counts one and two should be dismissed on qualified immunity grounds.

“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from lia *1111 bility for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v. Callahan, - U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 808, 815, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009) (quotation omitted). Qualified immunity balances the need to hold public officials accountable for exercising power irresponsibly with the need to shield public officials from harassment, distraction, and liability when reasonably performing their duties. Id. Qualified immunity is “an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability [and] it is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Id. (quotation omitted).

The Court considers two prongs in resolving qualified immunity claims: (1) whether the plaintiff has alleged or shown a violation of a constitutional right and (2) whether the constitutional right was “clearly established” at the time - of the alleged misconduct. Id. at 815-16. The Court in its discretion can decide which prong to address first. Id. at 818.

For a constitutional right to be “clearly established,” “its contours must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right at the time of his conduct.” Eng. v. Cooley, 552 F.3d 1062, 1075 (9th Cir.2009) (quotations omitted). “In other words, in light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Wong v. United States (Wong I), 373 F.3d 952, 976 (9th Cir.2004) (quotation omitted). The Court looks first to binding precedent of the United States Supreme Court and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Boyd v. Benton County, 374 F.3d 773, 781 (9th Cir.2004); see also Hydrick, 500 F.3d at 989 (“[I]f binding authority indicates that the disputed right existed, even if no case had specifically so declared, the Defendants would be on notice of the right.” (quotation omitted)). “In the absence of binding precedent, a court should look to whatever decisional law is available to ascertain whether the law is clearly established ..., including decisions of state courts, other circuits, and district courts.” Drummond ex rel. Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052, 1060 (9th Cir.2003) (alteration and quotations omitted); see also Sorrels v. McKee, 290 F.3d 965, 971 (9th Cir.2002) (“[Unpublished decisions of district courts may inform [a court’s] qualified immunity analysis.”).

A. Clearly Established Constitutional Right in 2006

Lazaro argues the strip search did not violate a constitutional right because it occurred after Chehade had been outside of NLVDC in a public place and the FAC does not allege it was conducted in public, by officers of the opposite sex, or in an unprofessional manner. Lazaro also contends that even if the search violated the Constitution, the violation was not clearly established because such searches have a security justification after a detainee has been outside the facility in a public place.

Chehade responds that blanket strip search policies violate the Fourth Amendment when an individual has not been charged with a serious crime or is an immigrant detained by immigration authorities without reasonable suspicion of a serious crime. Chehade contends Lazaro could not reasonably have believed that his conduct did not violate Chehade’s rights where Chehade was not charged with a crime, was denied entry for no apparent reason, and no evidence suggested he was concealing contraband or weapons.

Because Chehade never was admitted to the United States, he held the status of a non-admitted alien. Under the “entry *1112 fiction,” an alien seeking admission into the United States has not yet “entered” the country, even if the non-admitted alien is in fact physically present. Wong I, 373 F.3d at 971. Although the entry fiction denies all procedural rights to non-admitted aliens as to their admission applications, non-admitted aliens are entitled to at least some constitutional rights. Id. At issue here is the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

Searches occurring at the nation’s border hold “a special place in Fourth Amendment jurisprudence pursuant to the longstanding right of the sovereign to protect itself by stopping and examining persons and property crossing into this country.” United States v. Gonzalez-Rincon, 36 F.3d 859, 864 (9th Cir.1994) (quotation omitted). At the border, the balance between the government’s interest and the traveler’s privacy rights is “‘struck more favorably to the Government.’ ” Id. (quoting United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531, 539-40, 105 S.Ct. 3304, 87 L.Ed.2d 381 (1985)). Routine border searches “are not subject to any requirement of reasonable suspicion, probable cause or warrant” and are reasonable under the Fourth Amendment “by the single fact that the person or item in question has entered into our country from outside.” Id. (quotations omitted). “Strip searches and body-cavity searches are of course considered nonroutine, and, unlike luggage searches and pat-downs, must be supported by reasonable suspicion.” Id. However, once customs officials reasonably suspect an international traveler is smuggling contraband, they may detain and search her as necessary to verify or dispel the suspicion. Id.

Courts within the Ninth Circuit have analyzed scenarios where non-admitted aliens have been detained at local jails, holding that, at least as of 2006, a Fourth Amendment right to be free from nonroutine searches without reasonable suspicion is clearly established for non-admitted aliens. See, e.g., Tungwarara v. United States, 400 F.Supp.2d 1213 (N.D.Cal.2005); Wong v. Beebe (Wong II), No. 01-718-ST, 2007 WL 1170621 (D.Or. Apr. 10, 2007) (unpublished). In Tungwarara, a non-admitted alien was detained at a local jail facility where she underwent a non-invasive strip search consisting of a pat-down by a female officer in private. 400 F.Supp.2d at 1215, 1221. The Northern District of California held that “a noninvasive strip search of a non-admitted adult alien at the border without any suspicion of any kind is unconstitutional.” Id. at 1222. However, the court concluded the unlawful nature of the search was not clearly established in 2002 because before the Ninth Circuit’s 2004 Wong I decision, the extent to which non-admitted aliens enjoyed substantive constitutional rights was unsettled. Id. at 1220. Nevertheless, “[i]f the same search had occurred later after the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Wong [7 ], or had been more invasive or abusive at the time, the Plaintiffs ‘clearly established’ rights would likely have been violated.” Id. at 1222.

In Wong II, the District of Oregon found Wong’s search to be far more extensive than that in Tungwarara because, twice during her jail detention, 1 Wong was forced to strip and bend over for a visual inspection of her genital and anal area in an area separated from the public only by a thin curtain through which she could see male staff members. Wong II, 2007 WL 1170621, at *7, 15. The court noted Ninth Circuit precedent declaring strip searches *1113 without reasonable suspicion unconstitutional for persons arrested for minor offenses and illegal aliens at the border, as well as an Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) policy prohibiting blanket strip searches of persons in INS custody. Id. at *15 (citing Giles v. Ackerman, 746 F.2d 614 (9th Cir.1984) (per curiam), overturned on other grounds by Hodgers-Durgin v. de la Vina, 199 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.1999) (en banc); Gonzalez-Rincon, 36 F.3d 859). Therefore, “no INS official could have reasonably believed in June 1999 that without violating the Fourth Amendment, someone who presented no cause for suspicion of harboring contraband, who had not been charged with any crime, and who did not pose any risk of flight or danger, could be detained in a jail facility that conducted blanket strip searches.” Id. at *16.

Nevertheless, Lazaro contends Chehade had no constitutional right to be free from a strip search upon returning to NLVDC from outside the facility. In Bell v. Wolfish, pretrial detainees 2 contested a policy under which all inmates underwent a visual inspection of body cavities as part of a strip search after every contact with a person from outside the facility. 441 U.S. 520, 523, 558, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979). The Supreme Court concluded the searches were reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 558, 99 S.Ct. 1861. The Court set forth a test to determine reasonableness:

The test of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is not capable of precise definition or mechanical application. In each case it requires a balancing of the need for the particular search against the invasion of personal rights that the search entails. Courts must consider the scope of the particular intrusion, the manner in which it is conducted, the justification for initiating it, and the place in which it is conducted.

Id. at 559, 99 S.Ct. 1861. Although searches must be conducted in a reasonable manner, the Court concluded that, balancing the institution’s security interests of preventing prisoners from obtaining contraband against the inmates’ privacy interests, such searches can be conducted on less than probable cause. Id. at 560, 99 S.Ct. 1861; see also Johannes v. Alameda County Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. C 04-458MHP (PR), 2006 WL 2504400, at *12, 14 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 29, 2006) (unpublished) (finding strip searches of inmate constitutional after return from courthouse because he had been outside the jail before each search, which provided the opportunity to obtain contraband, even if guarded, such as from courthouse surfaces or floor), aff'd, 270 Fed.Appx. 605 (9th Cir.2008).

After Bell, the Ninth Circuit has held unconstitutional blanket strip search polices when applied to pre-arraignment arrestees charged with minor offenses. In Giles, the Court held unconstitutional a strip search occurring after the plaintiff was booked for minor traffic offenses. 746 F.2d at 618. The Court held “that arrestees charged with minor offenses may be subjected to a strip search only if jail officials possess a reasonable suspicion that the individual arrestee is carrying or concealing contraband.” Id. at 617. “Reasonable suspicion may be based on such factors as the nature of the offense, the arrestee’s appearance and conduct, and the *1114 prior arrest record.” Id.; see also Way v. County of Ventura, 445 F.3d 1157, 1162-63 (9th Cir.2006) (holding strip search with visual cavity inspection violated constitutional right, although not clearly established right, of arrestee upon booking of misdemeanor charge of being under the influence of drugs). But see Thompson v. City of Los Angeles, 885 F.2d 1439, 1442, 1447 (9th Cir.1989) (concluding offense of grand theft auto was “sufficiently associated with violence to justify a visual strip search” even though plaintiff was never charged); Johannes, 2006 WL 2504400, at *12 (distinguishing arrestee cases because plaintiffs entries into the jail were not spontaneous, there was no realistic expectation that his custody would be brief, and he had a lengthy and continuous incarceration history).

The Ninth Circuit recently held that a blanket policy of strip searching pre-trial detainees without reasonable suspicion solely because they were classified for housing in the general population violated the Fourth Amendment. Bull v. City & County of San Francisco, 539 F.3d 1193, 1202 (9th Cir.2008). However, the Ninth Circuit granted rehearing en banc in Bull, 3 presumably to determine, as the dissent in Bull states, whether “Ninth Circuit jurisprudence has deviated far off the course the Supreme Court ... chartered” in Bell. Id. at 1212 (Tallman, J., dissenting); Bull v. City & County of San Francisco, 558 F.3d 887 (9th Cir.2009) (granting rehearing en banc); see also Powell v. Barrett, 541 F.3d 1298, 1300, 1310, 1314 (11th Cir.2008) (en banc) (stating the Ninth Circuit incorrectly interpreted Bell in Giles, and holding blanket strip search policy for detainees before booking into general population did not violate Fourth Amendment at least if search was no more intrusive than in Bell).

Whether the jail constitutionally can perform a strip search pursuant to a blanket policy is not at issue here. Instead, the issue is whether federal agents can cause a strip search to occur at the border by placing a non-admitted alien in a jail facility they allegedly know has such a policy. As discussed above, it was clearly established at least by 2006 that strip searches of non-admitted aliens at the border, including those occurring during detention at a local jail facility, are constitutional only if supported by reasonable suspicion. Regardless of what reasonable suspicion NLVDC might have had to support a strip search after Chehade returned to NLVDC, federal officials at the border must have reasonable suspicion before strip searching a detainee. Thus, under pre-existing law, the unlawfulness of strip searching Chehade was apparent because, viewing the allegations in the light most favorable to Chehade, no reasonable suspicion existed to search him. Lazaro or other DHS officials could not bypass constitutional requirements by sending Chehade to NLVDC, where they allegedly knew strip searches occurred (FAC ¶ 36), under circumstances in which the DHS officials could not perform the strip search themselves. A reasonable official in Lazaro’s position would know he could not strip search Chehade without reasonable suspicion, and he would know he could not place Chehade, who was under Lazaro’s *1115 control, in a facility that would perform such a search. The Court therefore concludes count one of the FAC alleges a Fourth Amendment violation that was clearly established at the time of Chehade’s strip search in 2006.

B. Personal Participation in a Constitutional Violation

Lazaro argues the FAC fails to allege he was present at the strip-search or had a role in the decision to conduct the search, and merely speculates that he might be a “DHS official” who knew or should have known NLVDC officials would strip search Chehade. Further, Lazaro argues the FAC fails to allege Lazaro participated in the failure to give Chehade his medication because the FAC does not allege Lazaro knew Chehade was being denied medical care or that Lazaro had authority to require NLVDC officials to provide that care. Lazaro argues allegations that “DHS officials” prevented Chehade from taking his medication does not indicate Lazaro did so, and, nevertheless, the FAC indicates NLVDC officials, not Lazaro, prevented Chehade from taking his medication.

Chehade responds that he need allege only that Lazaro’s actions led directly to a chain of events foreseeably resulting in a constitutional violation. Chehade argues the FAC alleges “DHS officials” knew or reasonably should have known Chehade would be subjected to an unlawful strip search at NLVDC, which had a blanket policy of conducting such searches. Further, Chehade argues the FAC alleges Lazaro was informed about Chehade’s heart condition and “DHS officials” knew the medication was vital but that NLVDC had a blanket policy of seizing medication. Chehade contends Lazaro is included in “DHS officials” as he was in charge of the investigation, was personally involved in the decision to detain Chehade, and could lengthen or shorten Chehade’s confinement at NLVDC. Alternatively, Chehade requests leave to amend to clarify Lazaro was one of the DHS officials referenced in the allegations.

A plaintiff need not show direct, personal participation in an alleged constitutional violation to establish liability. Wong I, 373 F.3d at 966. Instead, the requisite causal connection can be established by the defendant “setting in motion a series of acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict the constitutional injury.” Id. (quotation omitted). The critical question is whether it was reasonably foreseeable that the defendant’s actions would lead to the alleged constitutional violation. Id.; see also Tungwarara, 400 F.Supp.2d at 1216-17 (concluding issue of material fact existed as to whether INS officer set in motion events foreseeably causing non-invasive strip search of non-admitted alien where INS officer falsified alien’s sworn statements on which INS supervisor relied in part when detaining alien and INS officer knew detention of alien would be at local jail where strip searches routinely are performed); Wong II, 2007 WL 1170621, at *12-13 (concluding triable issue existed as to INS office director’s role in strip search because, even though he had no contact with Wong, did not sign her removal order, and did not decide where to detain her, director participated in decision to issue order for Wong’s expedited removal, was responsible for condition of detention facilities, chose not to use alternative facilities such as hotels, and should have known of jail’s strip search policy).

In Wong I, Wong alleged INS officials violated her First and Fourth Amendment rights because they subjected her to detention conditions under which she was *1116 denied vegetarian meals, strip searched, and denied access to her followers. 373 F.3d at 966. The Ninth Circuit stated Wong’s complaint “fail[ed] to identify what role, if any, each individual defendant had in placing her in detention, much less whether any of the named INS officials knew or reasonably should have known of the detention conditions to which Wong would be subjected.” Id. The Court held the complaint failed to identify how the individual INS officials’ actions foreseeably could have caused the alleged constitutional violations. Id. at 967. However, the Court noted it was “possible that, upon identifying those officials responsible for placing her in detention and for overseeing detention conditions at the INS contract facility in question, Wong may be able to amend her complaint to properly allege constitutional violations by those officials.” Id.; see also Robbins v. Oklahoma, 519 F.3d 1242, 1250 (10th Cir.2008) (“[I]t is particularly important in such circumstances that the complaint make clear exactly who is alleged to have done what to whom, to provide each individual with fair notice as to the basis of the claims against him or her, as distinguished from collective allegations against the state.”).

1. Strip Searches

Count one alleges Lazaro and Doe Defendants violated Chehade’s Fourth Amendment rights. The FAC alleges “DHS officers” forced Chehade to spend four days and three nights in NLVDC. (FAC ¶ 25.) Although “NLVDC officials” allegedly conducted the strip searches, “DHS officials” “knew, or reasonably should have known, that [Chehade] would be subjected to unlawful strip and visual body-cavity searches” at NLVDC. (Id. ¶ 36.) The FAC defines “DHS officials” as “Lazaro and Does 1 through 25 or a subset thereof.” (Id. ¶ 18.) As for Lazaro specifically, the FAC alleges he interrogated Chehade at the airport and then “Lazaro and other Defendants” did not permit Chehade to catch the return 4:55 p.m. flight. (Id. ¶ 24.) The only other allegations specific to Lazaro are that he and an unidentified woman questioned Chehade on December 30 at NLVDC and that Lazaro was aware of Chehade’s medical condition. (Id. ¶¶ 29, 33.)

Because Lazaro allegedly caused Chehade to miss his flight and, as one of the “DHS officials,” forced Chehade to spend time at NLVDC where “DHS officials” knew he would be subject to a strip search, it is plausible Lazaro as a DHS official set in motion a series of acts he knew would cause Chehade to be strip searched. Because he is the only named “DHS official,” Plaintiff likely intended Lazaro’s inclusion in that group. However, because “DHS officials” includes Lazaro and Doe Defendants or a subset thereof, Lazaro theoretically might not be a “DHS official” for any particular allegation that uses the term “DHS officials.” The Court therefore dismisses count one against Lazaro with leave to amend to clarify .which actions Lazaro took and whether Lazaro knew Chehade would be subject to a strip search at NLVDC.

2. Denial of Medical Care and Medication

Chehade argues the denial of his heart medication violated his due process rights. Count two alleges a Fifth Amendment violation against Lazaro and Doe Defendants. The FAC alleges that before Chehade was brought to NLVDC, “Lazaro was informed that Mr. Chehade had suffered a massive heart attack two years prior, underwent multiple bypass surgeries which hospitalized him for weeks, and took medication to prevent future heart problems.” (Id. ¶ 33.) The FAC also alleges “DHS ... officials ... prevented Mr. Chehade from taking his medication, including *1117 medication for his heart condition, for roughly thirty-six hours while in their care, even though DHS officials ... knew that the medication was vital.” (Id.) However, NLVDC officials or employees took Chehade’s medication and refused him medicine or medical care. (Id. ¶¶ 33-35.)

Although the FAC alleges Lazaro was informed about Chehade’s heart condition, the FAC alleges “DHS officials” denied Chehade medication without specifying whether Lazaro specifically did so. Further, the FAC makes only conclusory allegations that DHS officials prevented Chehade from taking his medication, without alleging how they did so. Instead, the FAC refers only to NLVDC officials’ acts in denying Chehade medicine. The FAC therefore fails to allege Lazaro’s personal involvement in these acts. Moreover, because the FAC does not allege Lazaro knew NLVDC officials would confiscate Chehade’s medication, it cannot be inferred that Lazaro’s knowledge of Chehade’s heart condition set off a chain of events leading to the denial of medication. Because of these deficiencies, the Court dismisses count two against Lazaro with leave to amend.

IV. UNITED STATES’ MOTION TO DISMISS

Chehade concedes the dismissal of his negligent infliction of emotional distress (count 5) and civil rights (count 9) claims against the United States. The only remaining claims against the United States are for intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) (count 4) and negligence (count 8). The United States argues the IIED claim should be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, based on the discretionary function and government contractor exceptions, and for failure to state a claim. The United States argues the negligence claim fails based on the discretionary function exception.

A. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

1. Discretionary Function Exception

The United States argues Chehade’s IIED claim (count 4) fails because the discretionary function exception covers law enforcement officers’ decisions as to how to conduct an investigation and gather intelligence. The United States argues Lazaro is a special agent with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) and thus is authorized to engage in a broad range of investigative activities. The United States also argues Lazaro, as a member of the FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Force, was authorized to reques