Foxworthy v. Custom Tees, Inc.

*1204 MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER

This action is before the court on the following motions: (1) plaintiffs motion for a preliminary injunction [#7-l]; Defendant Stewart R. Friedman’s motion to dismiss [# 13-1]; Defendant Custom Tees’ motion to transfer [# 11-1]; and defendants’ motion to file a supplemental affidavit [#20-1]. All motions except the motion to file a supplemental affidavit are opposed. After receiving the briefs of the parties, after conducting a hearing on this matter, and after reviewing the unofficial transcript in this case. 2

GENERAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is a comedian known throughout the country for his “redneck” humor. He is probably best known for his “you might be a redneck if ...” jokes. Examples of these jokes are:

—-You might be a redneck if ... you’ve ever financed a tattoo.

—You might be a redneck if ... your two-year-old has more teeth than you do.

—You might be a redneck if ... your dog and your -wallet are both on a chain.

—You might be a redneck if ... your dad walks you to school because you’re in the same grade.

Plaintiff claims ownership to hundreds of jokes such as these, as well as a trademark and service mark. 3 His comedy album entitled “You Might be a Redneck If ...” has sold more than 1 million copies, more than any other comedy album in more than a decade. Plaintiff has also issued a calendar with 365 “you might be a redneck if ...” jokes, one for every day of the year. In addition to these products, he sells t-shirts with his redneck jokes on them at his concerts and elsewhere.

In December, 1994, plaintiff, through some associates, became aware that t-shirts bearing exact replications of plaintiffs jokes were being sold in various stores across the country, including stores in Georgia. The only difference between plaintiffs jokes and those appearing on the t-shirts was the format. On one shirt, for example, the copy read “If you’ve ever financed a tattoo ... you might be a redneck.”

An investigation by plaintiffs associates ensued, and the source of the t-shirts was determined to be defendant Custom Tees. Plaintiffs representatives contacted defendant Stewart R. Friedman, an employee of Custom Tees who admits to directing the marketing of, and assisting in the production of, Custom Tees’ products, see, e.g., Reply Brief in Support of Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction, at 7. Upon notification that the-jokes violated plaintiffs copyright and/or trademarks, Friedman turned the matter over to his legal counsel. 4 Subsequent to these events, Custom Tees changed the copy on its t-shirts to read, to use a different example, “[W]hen you learn to drive in a car where you were conceived ... you ain’t nothin’ but a redneck.” Plaintiffs Exhibit 24.

Venue/Jurisdictional Issues

A. The court might have jurisdiction if

Custom Tees has already submitted to the jurisdiction of the court. 5 Friedman *1205 contests personal jurisdiction over him. Friedman claims that there is no jurisdiction over him because all of his acts related to this case were undertaken in his capacity as an employee of Custom Tees. He has only been in Georgia a couple of times, and then was only passing through. 6 He also points out that. Georgia law requires jurisdiction to be established over him separately in his personal capacity, and that jurisdiction cannot be established just because he works for Custom Tees. Girard v. Weiss, 160 Ga.App. 295, 287 S.E.2d 301 (1981). For the reasons set forth below, however, the court finds that Friedman’s argument is only partially correct, and further finds that the acts forming the basis for jurisdiction over Custom Tees also form the basis for jurisdiction over Friedman.

Under Georgia law, jurisdiction may be asserted over any non-resident who “commits a tortious injury in this state caused by an act or omission outside this state if the tort-feasor regularly does or solicits business, or engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed ... in this state.” O.C.G.A. § 9-10-91(3). “Both Georgia courts and federal courts applying Georgia law have construed [this section] to confer jurisdiction to the maximum extent allowable under due process.” Vermeulen v. Renault U.S.A., Inc., 975 F.2d 746, 753 (11th Cir.1992), superseded on other grounds, 985 F.2d 1534 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 2334, 124 L.Ed.2d 246 (1993). The Due Process Clause is satisfied if the court finds that a non-resident has sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state, and that the exercise of jurisdiction would not offend “‘“traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” ’ ” Vermeulen, 975 F.2d at 754 (quoting International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 315, 66 S.Ct. 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945)) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S.Ct. 339, 343, 85 L.Ed. 278 (1940)).

There are two kinds of jurisdiction: general and specific. This case involves an assertion of specific jurisdiction. “A forum may exercise specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant if the defendant has ‘purposefully directed’ his activities to forum residents and the resulting litigation derives from alleged injuries that ‘“arise out of or relate to”’ those activities.” Cable/Home Communication Corp. v. Network Productions, Inc., 902 F.2d 829, 857 (11th Cir.1990) (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 473, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 2183, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 413, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 1872, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984))).

The court finds the following facts significant: Custom Tees admits, through a Friedman affidavit, that it shipped t-shirts to Georgia. See Affidavit of Stewart R. Friedman, ¶ 11, Exhibit A to Motion to Transfer. Further, the record contains an affidavit from Leon Lehrer, who identifies himself as an “independent sales representative” who telemarkets products of Custom Tees, Inc., including the redneck shirts at issue. Lehrer testifies in his supplemental affidavit 7 that he contacted Ms. Cynthia Robinson, a Senior Merchandiser for J.C. Penney in Carrollton, Georgia, on two occasions. Supplemental Affidavit of Leon Lehrer, ¶ 2. 8 Ms. Robinson testified at the hearing that she placed an order for Custom Tees’ shirts after talking with Mr. Lehrer. These activities bring Custom Tees within the jurisdictional reach of this court.

Friedman testified via affidavit on his own behalf that he never “personally” marketed *1206 or made contact with anyone in Georgia with respect to the Custom Tees shirts. Supplemental Affidavit of Stewart R. Friedman [Friedman Supp.], ¶ 12. He also testified in a previous affidavit that he never “individually” participated in the sale, marketing, etc., of redneck shirts. Affidavit of Stewart R. Friedman, Exhibit A to Motion to Dismiss, ¶ 7. Finally, he states that he has never “in his individual capacity, entered into any contracts with any individual or entity residing or located in the State of Georgia.” Id,., ¶ 10.

As previously noted, however, Friedman admits that he directed the marketing and production operations of Custom Tees. This fact is significant when the nature of the claim against Friedman is considered. While it is true that the court’s jurisdiction over Friedman ought to be considered separately, the law is well settled that a director, officer, or employee of a corporation can be held jointly and severally liable with the corporation if that person has direct involvement in the infringing activities of the corporation. E.g., Realsongs v. Gulf Broadcasting Corp., 824 F.Supp. 89, 91 (M.D.La.1993). Friedman’s position as a corporate employee does not shield him from liability, and it does not shield him from the jurisdiction of the court. Delong Equipment Co. v. Washington Mills Abrasive Co., 840 F.2d 843, 852 (11th Cir.1988), ce rt. denied, 494 U.S. 1081, 110 S.Ct. 1813, 108 L.Ed.2d 943 (1990) (“The crucial matter is whether the individual defendant can be held personally hable for acts committed in the forum, not whether his contacts with the forum arose in his personal capacity.”). 9 Specific jurisdiction is inextricably conceptually intertwined with notions of liability: only the person who commits a wrongful act can be held hable, and only the person who commits a wrongful act in the forum can be held liable in the forum. The necessary ingredient for each concept is the wrongful act. Where a corporation commits a wrongful act, and the law holds the individual equally and inseparably liable for the corporate act, then the basis for the exercise of jurisdiction is the same. For this reason, Friedman’s consistent protestations that he never “individually” or “personally” had any contact with Georgia are irrelevant. Friedman is correct, however, that some contact with Georgia by Friedman is required, although he mistakes the nature of the contact. The question is whether Friedman on behalf of Custom Tees had any contact with Georgia.

Friedman’s argument is partly correct because even though the individual/official capacity distinction does always not operate as a jurisdictional shield, something more than mere liability must exist before the long arm of the state can still reach the individual. “[I]f the claim against the corporate agent rests on nothing more than that he is an officer or employee of the nonresident corporation and if any connection he had with the commission of the tort occurred without the forum state,” Delong, 840 F.2d at 852 (quoting Columbia Briargate Co. v. First National Bank, 713 F.2d 1052, 1064-65 (4th Cir.1983)), then jurisdiction does not attach and the “shield” was not needed in the first place. What is needed is a purposeful act with or in Georgia. Shellenberger v. Tanner, 138 Ga.App. 399, 227 S.E.2d 266, 273-74 (1976). “Transacting business” is a purposeful act, and one need not be physically present to transact business. Id.

The court finds that, on this record, plaintiff has met his burden of showing that Friedman “transacted business” in this state *1207 on behalf of Custom Tees, that plaintiff has a cause of action relating to these acts, and that the exercise of jurisdiction over Friedman would be reasonable. See id., 227 S.E.2d at 273 (citing rule). Friedman testified that he is an employee “with important responsibilities” in the daily operations of Custom Tees, that Custom Tees has only two employees (Friedman and his wife, whose duties are primarily financial), and that the business operates out of his Connecticut condominium. Friedman Supp., ¶¶ 6, 11,15. It takes no great leap to conclude that, if anything is done on behalf of Custom Tees, it is done or caused to be done by Friedman. Friedman testified that Custom Tees received orders from stores in Georgia. Friedman Supp., ¶¶ 7-9. He does not state who at Custom Tees received the orders, but a fair inference is that it was Friedman on behalf of Custom Tees. Testimony at the hearing supports this inference. Richard Gudzan, the Foxworthy t-shirt licensee based in Georgia, testified at the hearing that he, upon learning that Custom Tees shirts existed, found out where the shirts came from, obtained the toll-free number of Custom Tees, called there, and left a message for someone to contact him regarding an order of t-shirts. Gudzan testified that Friedman called him back the next business day, and said “Rich, this is Stew. I understand you’d like to order some shirts.” Unofficial Transcript, at 155-56. Even though Gudzan informed Friedman of the nature of the call, and even though the call was initiated by Gudzan, Friedman’s response indicates, at a minimum, that Friedman could and would take orders for shirts and could and would establish a business relationship with someone in Georgia.

In short, the record leaves the court with the firm impression that Custom Tees’ contacts with this state were established by Friedman. Custom Tees transacted business in this state, and the strong evidence is that Friedman directed those transactions. The court is not faced with a situation where a person is sued because of his title alone. Cf. Delong, supra (citing Fourth Circuit case law). Nor is this a case where jurisdiction is asserted over a corporate agent with minimal participation in the acts of the corporation. Rather, even though there is little hard evidence as to the actual contacts between Friedman and Georgia residents, there is nothing in the affidavits of Friedman to contradict the strong inference that any contacts of Custom Tees were established by Friedman. 10 Defendant Friedman’s motion to dismiss is therefore denied.

B. This Action’s Venue Might be Proper If ...

28 U.S.C. § 1400(a) governs copyright actions. That code section provides that venue lies in any district where the defendant may be found. It is well settled that, based upon this language, venue in copyright actions is coextensive with jurisdiction. Payne v. Kristofferson, 631 F.Supp. 39, 44 (N.D.Ga.1985). In other words, where there is jurisdiction, there is venue. Because the court has already found that both defendants are amenable to the jurisdiction of this court, the court also finds that venue is proper.

C. This Forum Might be Convenient If

Determining whether this court is such an inconvenient forum so as to require a transfer in the “interests of justice” is another matter altogether. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Plaintiff is from Georgia, but is currently a California resident. Friedman and Custom Tees are Connecticut residents. Friedman (and Custom Tees) argue that the United States District Court for the District of Con *1208 nectieut is a more convenient forum than this court for several reasons. First, evidence and potential witnesses are located within 100 miles of the Hartford, Connecticut, area. See Supplemental Affidavit of Stewart R. Friedman, Exhibit A to Reply by Defendants [in support of Motion to Transfer], ¶¶ 11,13-14. Second, Friedman testifies that the day-to-day operations of Custom Tees would be disturbed if he was forced to “participate in prolonged litigation” in a forum 1,000 miles away. Id., ¶ 16. Third, his wife, who is the president of Custom Tees and whose duties are primarily related to the financial aspect of the business, would experience hardship if she were forced to take a “prolonged leave of absence” from her other employment in order to participate in this litigation. Id. Fourth, the Friedmans provide “meals and companionship” for Mrs. Friedman’s 90 year-old father every evening, and Mr. Friedman asserts that the impact of the couple’s prolonged absence on his father-in-law’s health is difficult to predict. Id. Finally, defendants argue in their briefs that plaintiff has the resources to carry his fight anywhere, and that he has no special reason to bring suit in Georgia.

Plaintiff argues, however, that much of the evidence and many of the witnesses are located in Georgia. The evidence adduced at the hearing supports that contention, at least insofar as four Georgia residents testified. Further, plaintiff argues that his choice of forum is entitled to deference. 11 Though defendants correctly point out that this traditional deference is mitigated where the plaintiff is not a resident of the state, e.g., Haworth, Inc. v. Herman Miller, Inc., 821 F.Supp. 1476, 1479 (N.D.Ga.1992), it is also true that some deference is still to be afforded. Id. (citing general rule). Cf. Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 633, 84 S.Ct. 805, 818, 11 L.Ed.2d 945 (1964) (“There is nothing ... in the language or policy of § 1404(a) to justify its use by defendants to defeat the advantages accruing to plaintiffs who have chosen a forum which, although it was inconvenient, was a proper venue.”).

Every forum, to a certain extent, will be inconvenient for at least one of the parties. The question is not inconvenience, but whether defendants have met their burden of showing that another forum is more convenient so that a transfer is required in the interest of justice. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Section 1404(a) does not provide for a transfer to a “forum likely to prove equally convenient or inconvenient.” Van Dusen, 376 U.S. at 645, 84 S.Ct. at 824.

The court declines to transfer the case. First, plaintiff may not be a current Georgia resident, but his ties here are undeniable. Second, there is a comparable number of potential witnesses and a comparable amount of evidence located in Georgia as there is in Connecticut. Third, Friedman’s concern for protracted litigation will not be eliminated by transfer to Connecticut, because the nature and extent of the litigation will not change with the transfer. The real issue is whether Friedman will be required to travel to Georgia for extended periods of time. With the exception of the trial, if there is one, the court believes Friedman will travel no more often to and from Georgia, for deposition testimony, 12 etc., if the case is headquartered in Connecticut than in Georgia. Fourth, the expense and time to be expended in trial or in discovery will not change with the forum.

Finally, and perhaps most important, the purposes of a preliminary injunction would be, or would have been, frustrated by delaying consideration of plaintiffs motion until the jurisdictional and venue questions were determined. For this reason, the court considered all issues concurrently. While it is true that an injunction cannot bind those not within the jurisdiction of the court, and while it is true that an injunction ought not issue from a court where venue is improper, where the only concern is one of convenience, the interests of justice surely would be disserved by forcing a plaintiff to await ruling on a motion for preliminary injunction until a *1209 more convenient court has time to receive, apprehend and consider the motion. In short, one significant factor that ought to be placed onto the § 1404(a) scales is the pendency of substantive motions requiring immediate attention. In view of the foregoing, the court finds that the convenience of the parties and witnesses will not be better served (and, if so, only slightly so), and the interests of justice would likely be disserved, by transfer of this case to a sister court in Connecticut. Defendant Custom Tees’ motion for a transfer is denied.

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

A. Plaintiff Might be Entitled to a Preliminary Injunction If ...

To be entitled to a preliminary injunctive relief, a plaintiff must show:

(1) a substantial likelihood that he will ultimately prevail on the merits; (2) that he will suffer irreparable injury unless the injunction issues; (3) that the threatened injury to the movant outweighs whatever damage the proposed injunction may cause the opposing party; and (4) that the injunction, if issued, would not be adverse to the public interest.

Zardui-Quintana v. Richard, 768 F.2d 1213, 1216 (11th Cir.1985) (Cit. omitted). The. court will examine these factors seriatim.

B. Plaintiff Might be Likely to Succeed on the Merits If ...

Plaintiffs request for injunctive relief is directed at the two components of his “redneck” jokes — the “you might be a redneck” phrase and the text of the jokes that follow. As to the phrase “you might be a redneck,” plaintiff claims a common-law trademark. As to the joke portion, e.g., “you’ve ever cut your grass and found a car,” plaintiff claims a copyright.

1)____He Can Show a Violation of the Lanham Act

Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), protects unregistered, common-law trademarks from infringement by unauthorized users where the unauthorized use would likely confuse the consuming public as to the source or sponsorship of goods or services. See Boston Professional Hockey Ass’n v. Dallas Cap & Emblem Mfg., Inc., 510 F.2d 1004, 1010 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 868, 96 S.Ct. 132, 46 L.Ed.2d 98 (1975). In order to prove a violation of Section 43(a), a plaintiff must prove “(1) that [he] has trademark rights in the mark or name at issue ...; and (2) that the defendant adopted a mark or name that was the same, or confusingly similar, to the plaintiffs mark, such that there was a likelihood of confusion for consumers as to the proper origin of the goods created by the defendant’s use of the [mark] in [its] trade or business.” Conagra, Inc. v. Singleton, 743 F.2d 1508, 1512 (11th Cir.1984).

(a) Does plaintiff have a trademark to protect?

The court must first determine, therefore, whether plaintiff has any trademark to protect. Plaintiffs asserted trademark lies in the use of the “you might be a redneck” device. 13 Defendants agree that a slogan or combination of words can serve a trademark function, but argue that the “you might be a redneck” device does not function as a trademark. Rather, defendants argue that the phrase is purely functional — i.e., that the phrase is a feature “ ‘essential to the use or purpose of the article.’” Warner Bros., Inc. v. Gay Toys, Inc., 724 F.2d 327, 331 (2d Cir.1983) (quoting Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 850-51 n. 10, 102 S.Ct. 2182, 2186-87 n. 10, 72 L.Ed.2d 606 (1982)). Though the Eleventh *1210 Circuit has not addressed the issue, the weight of authority holds that purely functional features cannot be the subject of trademark protection. E.g., Standard Terry Mills, Inc. v. Shen Manufacturing Company, Inc., 803 F.2d 778, 780-81 (3d Cir.1986), disapproved in part on other grounds, 40 F.3d 1431 (3d Cir.1994).

Marks and features function as trademarks when they identify the source of particular goods or services. Purely functional features, however, are ornamental to the good or product itself, and therefore do not operate as a trademark. Supreme As sembly, Order of Rainbow for Girls v. J.H. Ray Jewelry Company, 676 F.2d 1079, 1083 n. 5 (5th Cir.1982). The question, then, is whether the phrase “you might be a redneck” is an identifying phrase, simply an integral part of the thing sold, or a combination of both. See International Order of Job’s Daughters v. Lindeburg & Co., 633 F.2d 912, 919 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 941, 101 S.Ct. 3086, 69 L.Ed.2d 956 (1981) (a feature of an item may “serve simultaneously as a functional component of a product and a trademark”); Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, Inc. v. Pussycat Cinema, Ltd., 604 F.2d 200, 204 (2d Cir.1979) (same).

First, the court finds that the phrase “you might be a redneck” does serve as a trademark when used in connection with plaintiffs humor. The evidence before the court indicates that, once plaintiff hit upon the right combination of words, that phrase became his “hook” or “catch phrase” by which he became known. Unofficial Trans., at 7-8, 9. Indeed, there was testimony from one of plaintiffs fans, Michael Steed, that plaintiff is in fact known in the public by that phrase. Id., at 110-11. Further, the evideuce before the court indicates that plaintiffs career began its rapid ascent only after he began using the phrase in conjunction with his jokes. Id., at 6-7, 19, 21-22, 82-83. That alone, however, does not establish a trademark; it merely lays the foundation for the association of the public of the phrase “you might be a redneck” with plaintiff. In this regard, therefore, it is highly significant that plaintiff has created a number of marketable goods based upon the “you might be a redneck” phrase. Plaintiffs first book was entitled “You Might be a Redneck.” Plaintiffs Exhibit 2. The name of his national comedy tour was the “You Might be a Redneck” tour. Unofficial Trans., at 38. The tour was promoted in advertising media (radio and print) using this title. Id., at 39. The name of his platinum selling album is “You Might be a Redneck.” Plaintiffs Exhibit 6. The name of his first comedy special on the Showtime network was “You Might be a Redneck If.” Unofficial Trans., at 22-23. The same title was used on the videocassette version of his Showtime special. Plaintiffs Exhibit 3. Plaintiff has a “page-a-day” calendar with 365 different you might be a redneck jokes. Plaintiffs Exhibit 12. Plaintiff has three books on the market filled with “you might be a redneck” jokes. These facts, taken together, lead the court to the conclusion that a substantial segment of the viewing, listening, reading, and laughing public associate the phrase “you might be a redneck” with Jeff Foxworthy. 14

Defendants argued at the hearing that the popularity of the above items is attributable to plaintiff, and not to the phrase “you might be a redneck,” and that, even if the phrase plays a part, it only plays a functional part. The court disagrees in part. *1211 The plain fact is that plaintiff has become known by this phrase. That he is known by his jokes as well does nothing to limit the fact that he is also known by the phrase. In this respect, the court find Carson v. Here’s Johnny Portable Toilets, Inc., 498 F.Supp. 71 (E.D.Mich.1980), vacated in part on other grounds, 698 F.2d 831 (6th Cir.1983), significant. In that case, the district court — as well as the Sixth Circuit on appeal — found that the phrase “Here’s Johnny,” the familiar introduction of the late night talk show host Johnny Carson, had become associated in the public’s mind with Johnny Carson the entertainer. Id., 498 F.Supp. at 74; see also Carson v. Here’s Johnny Portable Toilets, Inc., 698 F.2d 831, 832-33 (6th Cir.1983) (agreeing with district court on this issue). Carson’s efforts to market the phrase were not as extensive as Mr. Foxworthy’s. See 498 F.Supp. at 73 (discussing authorized uses of “Here’s Johnny” and the Carson persona). If plaintiff had not used the phrase as identifying indicia on so many of his products, or if the phrase had been varied, the court might agree with defendants on this issue. But plaintiff has not, and the court does not.

The court does agree, however, that the phrase is “functional” to a certain extent. The joke “You might be a redneck if ... you consider a six pack of beer and a bug zapper quality entertainment” clearly depends upon the “you might be a redneck” phrase for its delivery. Notwithstanding this facial functionality, however, the court finds the functionality defense insufficient to foreclose protection of plaintiffs phrase. First, it is questionable whether the “functionality” of the phrase fits into the legal description of functionality. In Warner Bros., supra, a case cited by defendants, the Second Circuit also stated that “[a] design feature of a particular article is ‘essential’ only if the feature is dictated by the functions to be performed; a feature that merely accommodates a useful function is not enough.” Id., 724 F.2d at 331 (emphasis added). The telling of a redneck joke does not require an introductory (or conclusory) phrase. Indeed, there are other southern comedians who have their own style of redneck humor and who tell redneck jokes in a different form. Using an introductory phrase simply accommodates the style of plaintiffs humor.

More important, even if the “you might be a redneck” phrase does fall within the functionality category, this does not foreclose all protection for the phrase. In this respect, Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, supra, is instructive. In that ease, the Second Circuit held that the uniforms worn by the famous cheerleading troupe were entitled to trademark protection, notwithstanding the fact that the uniforms served an obviously functional purpose. 604 F.2d at 203. The court stated:

Plaintiff does not claim a trademark in all clothing designed and fitted to allow free movement while performing cheerleading routines, but claims a trademark in the particular combination of colors and collocation of decorations that distinguish plaintiffs uniform from those of other squads____ [T]he fact that an item serves or performs a function does not mean that it may not at the same time be capable of indicating sponsorship or origin[.]

Id., 604 F.2d at 203-04. Similarly, in the instant case, plaintiff does not claim a trademark in all redneck humor. Rather, plaintiff claims a trademark in the phrase that distinguishes his particular brand of redneck humor from the other comedians performing similar material. Therefore, as in Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, the mere fact that the phrase “functions” to deliver a joke does not deprive the phrase of protection where the phrase also “functions” to distinguish plaintiffs brand of humor. For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that plaintiffs phrase “you might be a redneck” is entitled to protection from confusingly similar phrases used in similar contexts. 15

*1212 (b) Are defendants likely to cause confusion?

The Eleventh Circuit (and its predecessor, the former Fifth Circuit) has long held that the sine qua non of Section 43(a) actions is a showing that consumers are likely to be confused “with respect to such things as the product’s source, its endorsement by plaintiff, or its connection with the plaintiff.” Kentucky Fried Chicken Corp. v. Diversified Packaging Corp., 549 F.2d 368, 389 (5th Cir.1977). See also id. at 389-90 (“Our cases demonstrate an unbroken insistence upon likelihood of confusion....”). The question, therefore, is whether defendants’ “When ... You Ain’t Nothin’ But a Redneck” phrase is likely to confuse the public as to whether plaintiff is the source of the t-shirt.

In determining likelihood of confusion, the Eleventh Circuit has held that a court must consider the following factors:

1) . The strength of the plaintiffs mark;

2) . the similarity between the plaintiffs mark and the allegedly infringing mark;

3) . the similarity between the products and services offered by the plaintiff and defendant^];

4) . the similarity of the sales methods (i.e., retail outlets or customers);

5) . the similarity of the advertising methods;

6) . defendant[s]’ intent, e.g., do[ ] the defendants hope to gain a competitive advantage by associating [their] product with the plaintiffs established mark; and

7) . the most persuasive factor on likely confusion[,] ... actual confusion.

Conagra, 743 F.2d at 1514. The court will address each factor in turn.

i). The strength of plaintiff s mark

Although the court has already found that plaintiffs phrase “you might be a redneck,” when used in connection with plaintiffs humor, whether in book, video, novelty item, or other form, has attained secondary meaning, the court finds that plaintiff need not make such a showing because plaintiffs phrase is “suggestive” within the legal meaning of that term. As previously noted, a “suggestive” mark “subtly connotes something about the service or product.” University of Georgia Athletic Ass’n, 756 F.2d at 1540. The Eleventh Circuit has explained that “[a] suggestive term suggests the characteristics of the service ‘and requires an effort of the imagination by the consumer in order to be understood as descriptive’ of the service.” Investacorp, Inc. v. Arabian Inv. Banking Corp., 931 F.2d 1519, 1523 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.