Gimbel v. Signal Companies, Inc.

This action was commenced on December 24, 1973 by plaintiff, a stockholder of the Signal Companies, Inc. (“Signal”). The complaint seeks, among other things, injunctive relief to prevent the consummation of the pending sale by Signal to Bur-mah Oil Incorporated (“Burmah”) of all of the outstanding capital stock of Signal Oil and Gas Company (“Signal Oil”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Signal. The effective sale price exceeds 480 million dollars. 1 The sale was approved at a special meeting of the Board of Directors of Signal held on December21, 1973.

The agreement provides that the transaction will be consummated on January 15, 1974 or upon the obtaining of the necessary governmental consents, whichever occurs later, but, in no event, after February 15, 1974 unless mutually agreed. The consents evidently have been obtained. On Monday, December 24, 1973, on the occasion of the plaintiff’s application for a temporary restraining order, counsel for Signal and Signal Oil reported. to this Court that the parties would not consummate this transaction prior to this Court’s decision on the plaintiff’s application for a preliminary injunction or January 15, 1974, whichever should occur first.

In light of that representation, no temporary restraining order was entered and the matter was set down for a hearing on plaintiff’s application for a preliminary injunction. Affidavits and depositions were submitted. The matter was briefed and a hearing was held on January 4, 1974. By agreement, additional affidavits were filed on January 7th and January 9th. This is the Court’s decision on plaintiff’s application for a preliminary injunction to prevent the sale of Signal Oil to Burmah pending trial on the merits of plaintiff’s contentions. It should be noted that the only parties who have appeared thus far are the plaintiff, Signal, Signal Oil and Burmah. It should also be noted that the plaintiff is part of an investment group which has some 2,400,000 shares representing 12% of the outstanding stock of Signal.

While the amount of money involved in this litigation is enormous and the values involved hotly disputed, the issues are basically simple to isolate and the Delaware law to be applied is, for the most part, well established and not open to question. I regret that time has not permitted needed editing ,and that this opinion is therefore longer than desirable. In applying the law to the transaction in question, the Court believes it is first desirable to review the standards for a preliminary injunction.

An application for a preliminary injunction “is addressed to the sound discretion of the court, to be guided ac *602 cording to the circumstances of the particular case.” High on Injunctions, (4th Ed.) Vol. 1, Sec. 11; Nebeker v. Berg, 13 Del.Ch. 6, 9, 115 A. 310, 311 (Ch.1921). Furthermore, the preliminary injunction constitutes extraordinary relief generally employed “to do no more than preserve the status quo pending the decision of the cause at the final hearing on proofs taken.” Williamson v. McMonagle, 9 Del.Ch. 380, 386, 83 A. 139, 140 (Ch.1912) ; High on Injunctions, supra, at Sec. 5a.

In exercising its discretion, the Court must ask itself two familiar questions, which have long constituted the backdrop for evaluating the merits of any plaintiff’s plea for a preliminary injunction.

Stated briefly, the first question is: “Has the plaintiff satisfied the Court that there is a reasonable probability of his ultimate success on final hearing?” Chancellor Josiah O. Wolcott, in an early case involving the sale of corporate assets, discussed the movant’s burden with regard to this question:

“It is well settled that a preliminary injunction will not issue unless the complainant satisfies the court that there is at least a reasonable probability of ultimate success upon a final hearing. This rule has been announced not only in cases where the improbability of ultimate success is because of a question of law (citations omitted), but as well where it appears from an examination of evidence upon a disputed question of fact (citations omitted).”

Allied Chemical & Dye Corporation v. Steel & Tube Co., 14 Del.Ch. 117, 122, 123, 122 A. 142, 158 (Ch.1923). See also, David J. Greene & Co. v. Schenley Industries, Inc., Del.Ch., 281 A.2d 30 (1971); High on Injunctions, supra, at Sec. 8.

The second question can be stated as follows : “Has the plaintiff satisfied the Court that he will suffer irreparable injury if the Court fails to issue the requested preliminary injunction ?”

In his treatise on injunctions, James L. High spoke of this concern of equity:

“Substantial and positive injury must always be made to appear to the satisfaction of a court of equity before it will grant an injunction [at Sec. 9] . An injunction, being the ‘strong arm of equity’ should never be granted except in a clear case of irreparable injury, and with full conviction on the part of the court of its urgent necessity.” [at Sec. 22],

See also, Bayard v. Martin, 34 Del.Ch. 184, 193, 101 A.2d 329, 334 (Supr.Ct.1953), cert. den. 347 U.S. 944, 74 S.Ct. 639, 98 L.Ed. 1092 (1954). Consolidated Fisheries Co. v. Consolidated Solubles Co., 34 Del.Ch. 24, 99 A.2d 253 (Supr.Ct.1953).

Moreover, this second question of irreparable injury to the plaintiff should injunctive relief be denied has a corollary which requires the Court to consider potential hardship to the defendant. In this regard, Judge Rodney once wrote:

“In the exercise of a sound judicial discretion in the award or denial of a preliminary injunction, the court should balance the conveniences of the parties and the possible injuries to them according as they may be affected by the granting or the withholding of the injunction. Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414, 440, 64 S.Ct. 660, 88 L.Ed. 834.”

Aldridge v. Franco Wyoming Oil Co., 9 F.R.D. 278, 279 (D.Del.1949). See also Pauley Petroleum, Inc. v. Continental Oil Co., 43 Del.Ch. 366, 231 A.2d 450 (Ch.1967), aff’d 43 Del.Ch. 516, 239 A.2d 629 (Supr.Ct.1968) ; High on Injunctions, supra, at Sec. 13.

And, it is the plaintiff’s duty to “tip” that balance:

“While the relative convenience and inconvenience of the parties will prompt courts to consider questions of harm in exercising the discretionary power of injunction, yet a probable case must as-ways be made out in support of the moving side before the writ will issue.” '

*603 Allied Chemical & Dye Corp. v. Steel & Tube Co., supra, 14 Del.Ch. at 122, 122 A. at 158. See also, Gerity v. Cable Funding, 372 F.Supp. 679 (D.Del.1973).

Justice Tunnell, in his frequently cited opinion in Bayard v. Martin, supra, capsulized the task this Court faces in this case:

“In acting upon applications for preliminary injunctions, a court of equity is bound to ‘balance the conveniences’ of the respective parties . . . (citations omitted). The probability of ultimate success, being of obvious practical importance, is one of the elements which must always be weighed in the balance, along with the probability of any harm, to be suffered by one party or the other on account of giving the requested temporary relief, or withholding it, as the case may be.”

34 Del.Ch. at 190, 101 A.2d at 333.

Citing Judge Caleb Wright’s decision in American Smelting and Refining Co. v. Pennzoil United, Inc., 295 F.Supp. 149 (D.Del.1969), the plaintiff has contended that, at this stage in the proceedings, “where the likelihood of irreparable harm is [as] great as it is herein, ... a finding of probability of success is not essential” to justify a preliminary injunction (Plaintiff’s Brief at p. 20). Although, in certain cases, the “harm” element may weigh more heavily than the “probability of success” element in a court’s deliberations, it would clearly be unwise equity practice to completely ignore either consideration. Judge Wright did not ignore the “probability of success” element. In fact, in the very case relied upon, Judge Wright said: “In other words, plaintiff must demonstrate a reasonable probability of success on final hearing.” 295 F.Supp. at 152. This Court will not ignore it either. Rather, the Court will attempt to weigh and balance both probability of success and probability of irreparable harm in reaching its decision.

“These two elements of probability are in fact inseparable, and since in practice they appear in blends of infinite variety, the weighing and balancing of the strength of one against the weakness of the other is often a matter of the utmost delicacy, calling for a mastery of the technical rules of law as well as a penetrating common sense in practical affairs.”

Bayard v. Martin, supra, 34 Del.Ch. at 192, 101 A.2d at 334.

A preliminary injunction is “a form of relief which will never be granted unless earned.” Lenahan v. National Computer Analysts Corp., Del.Ch., 310 A.2d 661, 664 (1973). In order for the plaintiff here to “earn” his preliminary injunction against the sale of Signal Oil to Burmah, the Court must be satisfied, on the present record, that the plaintiff has a reasonable probability of succeeding on the merits of his claim. Further, the Court must also be satisfied that a preliminary injunction is necessary to protect the plaintiff from irreparable injury and that the plaintiff’s need for such protection outweighs any harm that the Court can reasonably expect to befall the defendants if the injunction were granted.

Partly because of the enormous amount of money involved in this case, it is easy to discuss the irreparable injury aspect. From the plaintiff’s point of view, the imminent threat of the closing of the sale does present a situation where it may be impossible to “unscramble the eggs.” Metro Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Transamerica Corp., 303 F.Supp. 1344, 1348 (S.D.N.Y., 1968). While the remedy of rescission is available [see Bowers v. Columbia General Corp., 336 F.Supp. 609 (D.Del.1971)], it is not difficult to imagine the various obstacles to such a remedy including, tax consequences, accounting practices, business reorganizations, management decisions concerning capital investments, dividends, etc. and a host of other problems which as a practical matter will make rescission very difficult indeed. Moreover, when the plaintiff claims with expert support, a potential damage in the neighborhood of $300,000,000, it is doubtful that any damage claim against the directors can reasonably be a meaningful alternative. Compare *604 Thomas v. Kempner, C.A. 4138, Del.Ch., unreported (March 22, 1973). In short, if the plaintiff can sustain his legal position, it seems to me that he has established he will suffer irreparable harm if the consummation of the sale is not enjoined.

On the other hand, the harm to Signal of entering an injunction is also massive. Under the contract, if the transaction is delayed by litigation, Burmah has a right to withdraw and the Court has no legal power to prevent such withdrawal. 2 The loss of Signal’s legal rignt to entorce the contract is itself irreparable harm. Moreover, it is clear generally that Signal not only has excessive Eurodollar loans outstanding but is also facing a “cash crunch” and the transaction, if completed as scheduled, should return in 1974 in interest expense saving and earnings some $36,000,000, and substantially more than the projected short term annual earnings from Signal Oil ($9,900,000 in 1971 and $12,800,000 in 1972). Chitiea affidavit, docket number 36. Furthermore, it is common knowledge that the present world oil market is in a chaotic state and it is difficult to judge with any assurance what tomorrow might bring in the way of economic conditions and government control including tax policy. The capital needs of Signal Oil are great and the cost of pursuing some of its untapped resources is substantial and of high risk. Even when walking among giants, a sale involving $420,000,000 cash is somewhat out of the routine. In short, if a preliminary injunction enters and the sale falls through and Signal ultimately prevails on the merits, Signal would have no remedy adequate to compensate it for a transaction which involves a taxable gain of $220,000,000.

In summary on the question of irreparable harm, it appears to me that there is irreparable harm to the losing side on this preliminary injunction application in the event the loser should ultimately prevail on the merits. Thus, in this case, the Court feels that the emphasis in analysis on this application for a preliminary injunction should focus on whether the plaintiff has a reasonable probability of success in this lawsuit.

Turning specifically to the pleadings in this case, the complaint contains three separate counts. In Count 1 of the complaint, plaintiff asserts that the special meeting of the Board of Directors of Signal at which the proposed sale was approved and authorized and was not properly noticed and that the proposed sale requires authorization by the majority of the outstanding stock of Signal pursuant to 8 Del.C. § 271(a).

In Count 2, plaintiff alleges that the 480 million dollar sale price is “wholly inadequate,” and further alleges certain personal motives by certain directors in making the business decision.

In Count 3, the plaintiff alleges a class action on behalf of all Signal stockholders who, according to the complaint, were entitled to vote upon the proposed sale.

In the application for a preliminary injunction plaintiff has not pressed the allegations that the special meeting of the Board of Directors was not properly noticed and that the directors were improperly motivated by personal advantage. Indeed, it appears that 12 out of 14 directors attended the meeting and the other two did in fact receive the notice. Nothing in the record would justify a finding at this stage that the directors acted for any personal advantage or out of improper motive or intentional disregard of shareholder interests. Nor is it important to determine on this preliminary injunction application *605 whether the case can proceed as a class action or not, although the discussion herein does in part relate to that decision.

Thus, in my judgment, the factual and legal issues are basically reduced to two. First, does the sale require authorization by a majority of the outstanding stock of Signal pursuant to 8 Del.C. § 271(a)? 3 Second, was the action by Signal’s Board in approving the . 480 million dollar sale price reckless as to justify the entry of a preliminary injunction prohibiting the consummation of the sale ?

Both of these questions require reference to the facts appearing in the record, which has been reviewed in its entirety. I might add that the record is excellent considering the time factor under which counsel were laboring and, in my judgment, except on the crucial question of evaluation, entirely satisfactory for the determination of the present application. Equally helpful were the briefs of counsel on which heavy reliance has been placed both as to the facts and the law.

I turn first to the question of 8 Del.C. § 271(a) which requires majority stockholder approval for the sale of “all or substantially all” of the assets of a Delaware corporation. A sale of less than all or substantially all assets is not covered by negative implication from the statute. Folk, The Delaware General Corporation Law, Section 271, p. 400, ftnt. 3; 8 Del.C. § 141(a).

It is important to note in the first instance that the statute does not speak of a requirement of shareholder approval simply because an independent, important branch of a corporate business is being sold. The plaintiff cites several non-Delaware cases for the proposition that shareholder approval of such a sale is required. But that is not the language of our statute. Similarly, it is not our law that shareholder approval is required upon every “major” restructuring of the corporation. Again, it is not necessary to go beyond the statute. (The statute requires shareholder approval upon the sale of “all or substantially all” of the corporation’s asset§£ That is the sole test to be applied. While it is true that test does not lend itself to a strict mathematical standard to be applied in every case, the qualitative factor can be defined to some degree notwithstanding the limited Delaware authority. But the definition must begin with and ultimately necessarily relate to our statutory language.

In interpreting the statute the plaintiff relies on Philadelphia National Bank v. B.S.F. Co., 41 Del.Ch. 509, 199 A.2d 557 (Ch.1964), rev’d on other grounds, 42 Del.Ch. 106, 204 A.2d 746 (Supr.Ct.1964). In that case, B.S.F. Company owned stock in two corporations. It sold its stock in one of the corporations, and retained the stock in the other corporation. The Court found that the stock sold was the principal asset B.S.F. Company had available for sale and that the value of the stock retained was declining. The Court rejected the defendant’s contention that the stock sold represented only 47.4% of consolidated assets, and looked to the actual value of the stock sold. On this basis, the Court held that the stock constituted at least 75% of the *606 total assets and the sale of the stock was a sale of substantially all assets.

But two things must be noted about the Philadelphia National Bank case. First, even though shareholder approval was obtained under § 271, the case did not arise under § 271 but under an Indenture limiting the activities of B.S.F. for creditor financial security purposes. On appeal, Chief Justice Wolcott was careful to state the following:

“We are of the opinion that this question is not necessarily to be answered by references to the general law concerning the sale of assets by a corporation. The question before us is the narrow one of what particular language of a contract means and is to be answered in terms of what the parties were intending to guard against or to insure.”

42 Del.Ch. at 111-112, 204 A.2d at 750.

Secondly, the Philadelphia National Bank case dealt with the sale of the company’s only substantial income producing asset.

The key language in the Court of Chancery opinion in Philadelphia National Bank is the suggestion that “the critical factor in determining the character of a sale of assets is ^gherally considered not the amount of property sold but whether the sale is in fact an unusual transaction or one made in the regular course of business of the seller.”J (41 Del.Ch. at 515, 199 A.2d at 561). Professor Folk suggests from the opinion that “the statute would be inapplicable if the assets sale is ‘one made in furtherance of express corporate objects in the ordinary and regular course of the business’ ” (referring to language in 41 Del.Ch. at 516, 199 A.2d at 561). Folk, supra, Section 271, p. 401.

But any “ordinary and regular course of the business” test in this context obviously is not intended to limit the directors to customary daily business activities. Indeed, a question concerning the statute would not arise unless the transaction was somewhat out of the ordinary. While it is true that a transaction in the ordinary course of business does not require shareholder approval, the converse is not true. Every transaction out of normal routine does not necessarily require shareholder approval. The unusual nature of the transaction must strike at the heart of the corporate existence and purpose. As it is written at 6A Fletcher, Cyclopedia Corporations (Perm.Ed. 1968 Rev.) § 2949.2, p. 648:

“The purpose of the consent statutes is to protect the shareholders from fundamental change, or more specifically to protect the shareholder from the destruction of the means to accomplish the purposes or objects for which the corporation was incorporated and actually performs.”

It is in this sense that the “unusual transaction” judgment is to be made and the statute’s applicability determined. If the sale is of assets quantitatively vital to the operation of the corporation and is out of the ordinary and substantially affects the existence and purpose of the corporation, then it is beyond the power of the Board of Directors. With these guidelines, I turn to Signal and the transaction in this case.

Signal or its predecessor was incorporated in the oil business in 1922. But, beginning in 1952, Signal diversified its interests. In 1952, Signal acquired a substantial stock interest in American President lines. From 1957 to 1962 Signal was the sole owner of Laura Scudders, a nationwide snack food business. In 1964, Signal acquired Garrett Corporation which is engaged in the aircraft, aerospace, and uranium enrichment business. In 1967, Signal acquired Mack Trucks, Inc., which is engaged in the manufacture and sale of trucks and related equipment. Also in 1968, the oil and gas business was transferred to a separate division and later in 1970 to the Signal Oil subsidiary. Since 1967, Signal has made acquisition of or formed substantial companies none of which are involved or related with the oil and gas industry. See Walkup affidavit, docket number 34. As indicated previously, the oil and gas production development of Signal’s business is now carried on by *607 Signal Oil, the sale of the stock of which is an issue in this lawsuit.

According to figures published in Signal’s last annual report (1972) and the latest quarterly report (September 30, 1973) and certain other internal financial information, the following tables can be constructed. 4

SIGNAL'S REVENUES (in millions)

9 Mos. Ended December 31,

September 30,

1973 1972 1971

Truck manufacturing $655.9 $712.7 $552.5

Aerospace and industrial 407.1 478.2 448.0

Oil and gas 185.8 267.2 314.1

Other 16.4 14.4 14.0

SIGNAL'S PRE-TAX EARNINGS (in millions)

9 Mos. Ended December 31,

September 30,

1973 1972 1971

Truck manufacturing 55.8 $ 65.5 $ 36.4

Aerospace and industrial 20.7 21.5 19.5

Oil and gas 10.1 12.8 9.9 SIGNAL'S ASSETS (in millions)

9 Mos. Ended December 31,

September 30,

1973 1972 1971

Truck manufacturing $581.4 $506.5 $450.4

Aerospace and industrial 365.2 351.1 331.5

Oil and gas 376.2 368.3 369.9

Other 113.1 102.0 121.6

SIGNAL'S NET WORTH (in millions)

9 Mos. Ended December 31,

September 30,

1973 1972 1971

ruck manufacturing $295.0 $269.7 $234.6

lerospace and industrial 163.5 152.2 139.6

lil and gas 280.5 273.2 254.4

Ither (55.7) (42.1) (2.0)

Based on the company’s figures, Signal Oil represents only about 26% of the total assets of Signal. While Signal Oil represents 41% of Signal’s total net worth, it produces only about 15% of Signal’s revenues and earnings. Moreover, the additional tables shown in Signal’s brief from the Chitiea affidavit are also interesting in demonstrating the low rate of return which has been realized recently from the oil and gas operation.

PRE-TAX DOLLAR RETURN ON VALUE OF ASSETS

9 Mos. Ended

1971 September 30, 1973 1972

8.1% Truck manufacturing 12.8% 12.9%

Aerospace and industrial 7.5 6.1

Oil and gas 3.6 3.5

ON NET WORTH PRE-TAX DOLLAR RETURN

9 Mos. Ended

September 30, 1973 1972 1971

24.2% 15.5% Truck manufacturing 25.1%

14.1 Aerospace and industrial 16.8

4.7 Oil and gas 4.8

While it is true, based on the experience of the Signal-Burmah transaction and the record in this lawsuit, that Signal Oil is more valuable than shown by the company’s books, even if, as plaintiff suggests in his brief, the $761,000,000 value attached to Signal Oil’s properties by the plaintiff’s expert Paul V. Keyser, Jr., were substituted as the asset figure, 5 the oil and gas properties would still constitute less than half the value of Signal’s total assets. Thus, from a straight quantative approach, \J-agree with Signal’s position that the sale to Burmah does not constitute a sale of “all or substantially all” of Signal’s assets^

In addition, if the character of the transaction is examined, the plaintiff’s position is also weak. While it is true that Signal’s original purpose was oil and gas and while oil and gas is still listed first in the certificate of incorporation, the simple fact is *608 that Signal is now a conglomerate engaged in the aircraft and aerospace business, the manufacture and sale of trucks and related equipment, and other businesses besides oil and gas. The very nature of its business, as it now in fact exists, contemplates the acquisition and disposal of independent branches of its corporate business. Indeed, given the operations since 19S2, it can be said that such acquisitions and dispositions have become part of the ordinary course of business. The facts that the oil and gas business was historically first and that authorization for such operations are listed first in the certificate do not prohibit disposal of such interest. As Director Harold M. Williams testified, business history is not “compelling” and “many companies go down the drain because they try to be historic.” Williams’ deposition, docket number 301 p. 28.

It is perhaps true, as plaintiff has argued, that the advent of multi-business corporations has in one sense emasculated § 271 since one business may be sold without shareholder approval when other substantial businesses are retained. But it is one thing for a corporation to evolve over a period of years into a multi-business corporation, the operations of which include the purchase and sale of whole businesses, and another for a single business corporation by a one transaction revolution to sell the entire means of operating its business in exchange for money or a separate business. In the former situation, the processes of corporate democracy customarily have had the opportunity to restrain or otherwise control over a period of years. Thus, there is a chance for some shareholder participation. The Signal development illustrates the difference. For example, when Signal, itself formerly called Signal Oil and Gas Company, changed its name in 1968, it was for the announced “need for a new name appropriate to the broadly diversified activities of Signal’s multi-industry complex.” Walkup affidavit, docket number 34.

The situation is also dramatically illustrated financially in this very case. Independent of the contract with Burmah, the affidavit of Signal’s Board Chairman shows that over $200,000,000 of Signal Oil’s refining and marketing assets have been sold in the past five years. Walkup affidavit, docket number 34. This activity, prior to the sale at issue here, in itself constitutes a major restructuring of the corporate structure.

I conclude that measured quantatively and qualitatively, the sale of the stock of Signal Oil by Signal to Burmah does not constitute a sale of “all or substantially all” of Signal’s assets. This conclusion is supported by the closest case involving Delaware law which was been cited to the Court. Wingate v. Bercut, 146 F.2d 725 (9th Cir. 1944). Accordingly, insofar as the complaint rests on 8 Del.C. § 271(a), in my judgment, it has no reasonable probability of ultimate success.

I turn now to the second and more difficult question presented on this application for a preliminary injunction.

The plaintiff attacks the proposed transaction on the grounds that the 480 million dollar sale price is wholly inadequate compensation for the assets of Signal Oil.

In evaluating the merits of this allegation, precedent requires the Court to start from the normal presumption that Signal’s Board of Directors acted in good faith in approving the sale of Signal Oil to Burmah. Chancellor Josiah Wolcott spoke thusly of this good faith presumption:

“ . . . [T]he directors of the defendant [selling] corporation are clothed with that presumption which the law accords to them of being actuated in their conduct by a bona fide regard for the interests of the corporation whose affairs the stockholders have committed to their charge. This being so, the sale in question must be examined with the presumption in its favor that the directors who *609 negotiated it honestly believed that they were securing terms and conditions which were expedient and for the corporation’s best interests.”

Robinson v. Pittsburgh Oil Ref. Corp., 14 Del.Ch. 193, 199, 126 A. 46, 48 (Ch.1924). See also Butler v. New Keystone Copper Co., 10 Del.Ch. 371, 376, 93 A. 380, 382 (Ch.1915).

This presumption, an important aspect of what has generally come to be known as the “business judgment rule,” has been consistently reaffirmed and broadened with respect to the sale of corporate assets over the past several decades. See also Allaun v. Consolidated Oil Co., 16 Del.Ch. 318, 325, 147 A. 257, 261 (Ch.1929); Mitchell v. Highland-Western Glass Co., 19 Del.Ch. 326, 330, 167 A. 831, 833 (Ch.1933); Cropper v. North Central Texas Oil Co., 35 Del.Ch. 198, 202, 208, 114 A.2d 231, 233, 237 (Ch.1955); Cottrell v. Pawcatuck Co., 35 Del.Ch. 309, 311, 116 A.2d 787, 788 (Ch.1955) aff’d 36 Del.Ch. 169, 172-175, 128 A.2d 225, 228 (Sup.Ct.1956); and see generally, Folk, supra, §§ 144, 271 (1972). Application of the rule, of necessity, depends upon a showing that informed directors did, in fact, make a business judgment authorizing the transaction under review. Kaplan v. Centex Corporation, Del.Ch., 284 A.2d 119, 124 (1971); Mitchell v. Highland-Western Glass Co., supra, 19 Del.Ch. at 329, 167 A. at 833 (Ch.1933).

Although not dealing specifically with the sale of a substantial corporate asset, Chief Justice Daniel F. Wolcott recently recognized the strength of the presumption inherent in this rule:

“A board of directors enjoys a presumption of sound business judgment, and its decisions will not be disturbed if they can be attributed to any rational business purpose. A court under such circumstances will not substitute its own notions of what is or is not sound business judgment.”

Sinclair Oil Corporation v. Levien, Del.Supr., 280 A.2d 717, 720 (1971). Quite recently, Vice Chancellor Brown also applied the business judgment rule when called upon to enjoin a large scale corporate merger. Muschel v. Western Union Corporation, Del.Ch., 310 A.2d 904, 908 (1973).

This does not mean, however, that the business judgment rule irrevocably shields the decisions of corporate directors from challenge. As Vice Chancellor Marvel explained in Marks v. Wolfson, the business judgment rule weighs in favor of the directors’ decision to sell assets unless the complaining shareholders can prove Cfraud or a clearly inadequate/sale price:

“In other words, it [is] incumbent on plaintiffs to prove that the defendants against whom relief is sought were either guilty of actual fraud or that the price fixed for the sale of Highway’s assets was so clearly inadequate as constructively to carry the badge of fraud.”

41 Del.Ch. 115, 123, 188 A.2d 680, 685 (Ch.1963). See also Alcott v. Hyman, 40 Del.Ch. 449, 184 A.2d 90 (Ch.1962); aff’d 42 Del.Ch. 233, 208 A.2d 501 (Supr.Ct.1965).

In challenging the sale of Signal Oil to Burmah, the plaintiff here does not seriously charge that the proposed transaction constitutes fraudulent self-dealing on the part of Signal’s Board of Directors. In deed, only one member of the Board, Willis H. Thompson, Jr., is expected to have any relationship with Burmah after the sale. Thompson is President and Chief Executive Officer of Signal Oil. He plans to continue in that position if Signal Oil is sold to Burmah. Other than that, the only benefit any members of the Board would receive from the sale is that which would accrue to any ordinary shareholder according to his holdings in Signal. It is usually assumed that such individual benefit also works for the benefit of the corporation. *610 Cottrell v. Pawcatuck Co., supra, 36 Del.Ch. at 182, 128 A.2d at 232. At this stage, the Court can find no indication of self-dealing on the part of the Board of Directors such as would taint the proposed transaction or neutralize the effect of the business judgment rule. And, therefore, plaintiff’s argument at pages 33 and 34 of his brief, that the usual presumption of director good faith ought not apply, must fail. Plaintiff relies mistakenly on cases wherein questionable corporate transactions involving blatant self-dealing. Such is not the case here where arm’s length bargaining marked the transaction and the vote of interested directors was not necessary to approve the transaction. Folk, supra, Section 271, pp. 405-406.

Actual fraud, whether resulting from self-dealing or otherwise, is not necessary to challenge a sale of assets. And, although the language of “constructive fraud” or “badge of fraud” has frequently and almost traditionally been used, such language is not very helpful when fraud admittedly has not been established. There are limits on the business judgment rule which fall short of intentional or inferred fraudulent misconduct and which are based simply on gross