Litwin v. Blackstone Group, L.P.

Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Harold Baer, Jr., Judge), entered on September 25, 2009, dismissing plaintiffs’ putative securities class action complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. See Landmen Partners Inc. v. Blackstone Group, L.P., 659 F.Supp.2d 532 (S.D.N.Y.2009). We conclude that the District Court erred in dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint because plaintiffs plausibly allege that material information was omitted from, or misstated in, defendants’ initial public offering registration statement and prospectus in violation of Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933. Accordingly, we vacate the District Court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings.

BACKGROUND

Because this is an appeal from a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the following facts, which we assume to be true, are drawn from plaintiffs’ Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint as filed on October 27, 2008. See Slayton v. Am. Express Co., 604 F.3d 758, 766 (2d Cir.2010). Where relevant, however, we include information from Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings by the Blackstone Group, L.P. (“Blackstone”) to which plaintiffs refer in their complaint, particularly the Form S-l Registration Statement (“Registration Statement”) and Prospectus filed by Blackstone in connection with its June 21, 2007 initial public offering (“IPO”). See Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007) (“[Cjourts must consider the complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources ..., in particular, documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.”); see also ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir.2007) (“[W]e may consider ... legally required public disclosure documents filed with the SEC, and documents possessed by or known to the plaintiff and upon which it relied in bringing the suit.”).

Lead plaintiffs Martin Litwin, Max Poulter, and Francis Brady, appointed by the District Court on September 15, 2008, bring this putative securities class action on behalf of themselves and all others who purchased the common units of Blackstone at the time of its IPO. Plaintiffs seek remedies under Sections 11, 12(a)(2), and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 77k, 111 (a)(2), 77o, for alleged material omissions from, and misstatements in, Blackstone’s Registration Statement and Prospectus. 1 Defendants *709 are Blackstone and Blackstone executives Stephen A. Schwarzman, Michael A. Puglisi, Peter J. Peterson, and Hamilton E. James (collectively referred to herein as “Blackstone”).

Blackstone is “a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services” and “one of the largest independent alternative asset managers in the world,” with total assets under management of approximately $88.4 billion as of May 1, 2007. Blackstone is divided into four business segments: (1) Corporate Private Equity, which comprises its management of corporate private equity funds; (2) Real Estate, which comprises its management of general real estate funds and internationally focused real estate funds; (3) Marketable Alternative Asset Management, which comprises its management of hedge funds, mezzanine funds, senior debt vehicles, proprietary hedge funds, and publicly traded closed-end mutual funds; and (4) Financial Advisory, which comprises a variety of advisory services. The Corporate Private Equity segment constitutes approximately 37.4% of Blackstone’s total assets under management ($33.1 billion of $88.4 billion), and the Real Estate segment constitutes approximately 22.6% of Blackstone’s assets under management ($20 billion of $88.4 billion). According to Blackstone, “[b]oth the corporate private equity fund and the two real estate opportunity funds (taken together) ... are among the largest funds ever raised in their respective sectors.” Blackstone further represents to prospective investors that its “long-term leadership in private equity has imbued the Blackstone brand with value that enhances all of [its] different businesses and facilitates [its] ability to expand into complementary new businesses.”

In preparation for its 2007 IPO, Blackstone reorganized its corporate structure. Prior to the IPO, Blackstone’s business was operated through a large number of separately owned predecessor entities. On March 12, 2007, just prior to the launch of the IPO, Blackstone was formed as a Delaware limited partnership and eventually became the sole general partner of five newly formed holding partnerships into which the majority of the operating predecessor entities were contributed. Blackstone receives a substantial portion of its revenues from two sources: (1) a 1.5% management fee on its total assets under management and (2) performance fees of 20% of the profits generated from the capital it invests on behalf of its limited partners. Under certain circumstances, when investments perform poorly, Blackstone may be subject to a “claw-back” of already paid performance fees, in other words, the required return of fees which it had already collected.

On March 22, 2007, Blackstone filed its Form S-l Registration Statement with the SEC for the IPO. Blackstone filed several amendments to its Registration Statement, and the Prospectus, which formed part of *710 the Registration Statement, finally became effective on June 21, 2007. At this time, 153 million common units of Blackstone were sold to the public, raising more than $4.5 billion. The individual defendants and other Blackstone insiders received nearly all of the net proceeds from the IPO.

Plaintiffs principally allege that, at the time of the IPO, and unbeknownst to non-insider purchasers of Blackstone common units, two of Blackstone’s portfolio companies as well as its real estate fund investments were experiencing problems. Blackstone allegedly knew of, and reasonably expected, these problems to subject it to a claw-back of performance fees and reduced performance fees, thereby materially affecting its future revenues.

FGIC Corporation

In 2003, a consortium of investors that included Blackstone purchased an 88% interest in FGIC Corp. (“FGIC”), a monoline financial guarantor, from General Electric Co. for $1.86 billion. FGIC is the parent company of Financial Guaranty, which primarily provides insurance for bonds. Although municipal bond insurance traditionally constituted the majority of Financial Guaranty’s business, in the years leading up to Blackstone’s IPO it began writing “insurance” on collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), 2 including CDOs backed by sub-prime mortgages to higher-risk borrowers. Financial Guaranty also began writing “insurance” on residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBSs”) 3 linked to non-prime and sub-prime mortgages. This “insurance” on RMBSs and CDOs was in the form of credit default swaps (“CDSs”). 4

By the summer of 2007, FGIC, as a result of Financial Guaranty’s underwriting practices, was exposed to billions of dollars in non-prime mortgages, with its total CDS exposure close to $13 billion. From mid-2004 through mid-2007, factors including rising interest rates, the adjustment of interest rates on sub-prime mortgages, and a substantial slowing of property-value appreciation (and in some markets, property-value depreciation) caused many borrowers to be unable to refinance their existing loans when they could not meet their payment obligations. As a result, beginning in 2005, there was a significant increase in mortgage-default rates, particularly for sub-prime mortgage loans. By early 2007, before the IPO, some of the top mortgage lenders with sub-prime mortgage exposure began revealing large losses and warned of fu *711 ture market losses. All of these symptoms, plaintiffs allege, provided a strong indication that the problems plaguing sub-prime lenders would generate substantial losses for FGIC on the CDSs it issued to its counterparties. This likelihood was allegedly exacerbated because, in many instances, FGIC’s CDS-counter-parties were able to demand accelerated payments from FGIC even before a default event occurred on the underlying referenced assets.

Blackstone’s 23% equity interest in FGIC was worth approximately $331 million at the time of the IPO. Plaintiffs allege that, due to this significant interest, Blackstone was required to disclose the then-known trends, events, or uncertainties related to FGIC’s business that were reasonably likely to cause Blackstone’s financial information not to be indicative of future operating results. Following the IPO, in a March 10, 2008 press release, Blackstone announced its full-year and fourth-quarter 2007 earnings. The company’s Corporate Private Equity segment reported 2007 revenues of $821.3 million, down 18% from 2006 revenues. “Most significantly, Blackstone reduced the value of its portfolio investment in [FGIC], ... which accounted for $122.2 million, or 69%, of the decline in revenues for the year.” Blackstone reported that its “Corporate Private Equity fourth quarter revenues of ($15.4) million were negative, as compared with revenues of $533.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2006,” a change “driven primarily by decreases in the value of Blackstone’s portfolio investment in [FGIC] ... and lower net appreciation of portfolio investments in other sectors as compared with the prior year.”

Freescale

Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. (“Freescale”), is a semiconductor designer and manufacturer. In 2006, Blackstone invested $3.1 billion in Freescale, the single largest investment by a Blackstone corporate private equity fund since 2004. The Freescale investment accounted for 9.4% of the Corporate Private Equity segment’s assets under management and 3.5% of Blackstone’s total assets under management. 5

Shortly before the IPO, in March 2007, Freescale lost an exclusive agreement to manufacture wireless 3G chipsets for its largest customer, Motorola, Inc. (“Motorola”). The loss of this exclusive agreement followed two years of manufacturing and production problems for Freescale. On April 25, 2007, Freescale’s management held an analysts’ call, on which it stated that “revenue[s] in our wireless business were negatively impacted by a sales de *712 cline due to weak demand in our largest customer Motorola.... During the last several weeks of the quarter, our main wireless customer began to reduce their orders.” Plaintiffs allege that “[t]hese adverse facts[ ] had a material adverse effect on Freescale’s business and, concomitantly, the material corporate private equity fund controlled by Blackstone.” Plaintiffs argue that Blackstone was required to disclose this material adverse development in its Registration Statement.

Real Estate Investments

As noted above, Blackstone’s Real Estate segment constitutes 22.6% of its total assets under management. Although the parties seem to agree that the majority of Blackstone’s real estate investments were non-residential in nature, the Registration Statement provides that its “real estate opportunity funds have made a significant number of investments in lodging, major urban office buildings, residential properties, distribution and warehousing centers and a variety of real estate operating companies.” Moreover, Blackstone concedes that its real estate funds maintained at least one “modest-sized residential real estate investment.” There is no indication in the record, however, of the exact dollar amount of Blackstone’s residential real estate investment(s), and thus it is not possible to discern the exact percentage of the Real Estate segment’s assets under management attributable to residential properties. 6

As detailed above with respect to FGIC, several factors were causing the real estate and mortgage securities markets to deteriorate by the time of the IPO, including the adverse effects of a series of negative developments in the credit markets. Thus, plaintiffs allege, it was foreseeable that Blackstone would have performance fees clawed back in connection with its real estate investments and that Blackstone would not generate additional performance fees on those investments.

In addition to Blackstone’s alleged material omission of information related to the downward trend in the real estate market and its likely impact on Blackstone’s real estate investments, plaintiffs allege that the Registration Statement included the following affirmative material misstatement:

The real estate industry is also experiencing historically high levels of growth and liquidity driven by the strength of the U.S. economy ... and the availability of financing for acquiring real estate assets.... The strong investor demand for real estate assets is due to a number of factors, including persistent, reasonable levels of interest rates ... and the ability of lenders to repackage their loans into securitizations, thereby diversifying and limiting their risk. These factors have combined to significantly increase the capital committed to real estate funds from a variety of institutional investors.

GAAP and Risk Disclosure Allegations

Plaintiffs’ complaint includes additional allegations that are related to, and in many ways overlap with, the allegations detailed above. First, they allege that Blackstone’s unaudited financial statements for the *713 three-month periods ending March 31, 2007, and March 31, 2006, respectively, which were included in the Registration Statement, violated generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and materially overstated the values of Blackstone’s real estate investments and its investment in FGIC. Plaintiffs also allege that Blackstone’s disclosure of certain risk factors was too general and failed to inform investors adequately of the then-existing specific risks related to the real estate and credit markets.

Procedural History and District Court Opinion

The initial complaint was filed in the District Court by Landmen Partners, Inc., on April 15, 2008. On September 15, 2008, the District Court appointed Martin Lit-win, Max Poulter, and Francis Brady as lead plaintiffs, and on October 27, 2008, the lead plaintiffs filed the operative Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint. Blackstone filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on December 4, 2008, and, following oral argument, the District Court granted the motion, with prejudice, in an opinion dated September 22, 2009. See Landmen Partners Inc. v. Blackstone Group, L.P., 659 F.Supp.2d 532 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).

The District Court’s opinion primarily focused on the materiality of the alleged omissions and misstatements concerning FGIC, Freescale, and Blackstone’s real estate investments. First, the District Court analyzed the relative scale or quantitative materiality of the alleged FGIC and Freescale omissions. After noting our (and the SEC’s) acceptance of a 5% threshold as an appropriate “starting place” or “preliminary assumption” of immateriality, the District Court noted that “Blackstone’s $331 million investment in FGIC represented a mere 0.4% of Blackstone’s [total] assets under management at the time of the IPO.” 7 Id. at 541 (citing ECA & Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 204 (2d Cir.2009)). The District Court then addressed plaintiffs’ argument that the materiality of the omissions is best illustrated by the effect the eventual $122.2 million drop in value of Blackstone’s FGIC investment had on Blackstone’s 2007 annual revenues. Id. The District Court found that while the decline in FGIC’s investment value may have been significant relative to the Corporate Private Equity segment’s annual revenues, it was quantitatively immaterial as compared with Blackstone’s $3.12 billion in total revenues for 2007. 8 Id.

The District Court next looked at the quantitative materiality of the Freescale omissions, again comparing Blackstone’s investment to its total assets under management. The court stated that “the $3.1 billion investment in Freescale represented 3.6% of the total $88.4 billion the Company had under management at the time of the IPO.” Id. The District Court did not mention that the investment in Freescale accounted for 9.4% of the Corporate Private Equity segment’s $33.1 billion of assets under management. The District Court found it significant that the complaint did not (and likely could not) allege that Freescale’s loss of its exclusive supplier relationship with Motorola would cause *714 Blackstone’s investment in Freescale to lose 100% of its value. Id. at 542.

The District Court then pointed to the structure of the Blackstone enterprise as further support for the immateriality of the alleged omissions. According to the District Court, because the performance of individual portfolio companies only affects Blackstone’s revenues after investment gains or losses are aggregated at the fund level, the poor performance of one investment may be offset by the strong performance of another. Id. Accordingly, “there is no way to make a principled distinction between the negative information that Plaintiff[s] elaim[ ] was wrongfully omitted from the Registration Statement and information ... about every other portfolio company.” Id. The District Court found that requiring disclosure of information about particular portfolio companies or investments would risk “obfuscat[ihg] truly material information in a flood of unnecessary detail, a result that the securities laws forbid.” Id.

Next, recognizing that a quantitative analysis is not dispositive of materiality, the District Court found that only one of the qualitative factors that we, or the SEC, often consider was present in this case. Specifically, the court found that: (1) none of the omissions concealed unlawful transactions or conduct; (2) the alleged omissions did not relate to a significant aspect of Blackstone’s operations; (3) there was no significant market reaction to the public disclosure of the alleged omissions; (4) the alleged omissions did not hide a failure to meet analysts’ expectations; (5) the alleged omissions did not change a loss into income or vice versa; and (6) the alleged omissions did not affect Blackstone’s compliance with loan covenants or other contractual requirements. The District Court noted that the one qualitative factor it found present in this case — that the alleged omissions had the effect of increasing Blackstone’s management’s compensation — was not enough, by itself, to make the omissions material. Id. at 543-44. Accordingly, the District Court held that the alleged omissions concerning FGIC and Freescale were immaterial as a matter of law. Id. at 544.

The District Court then separately analyzed the alleged omissions and misstatements regarding Blackstone’s real estate investments. The District Court first noted that the complaint failed to “identify a single real estate investment or allege a single fact capable of linking the problems in the subprime residential mortgage market in late 2006 and early 2007 and the roughly contemporaneous decline in home prices (which are well-documented by the [complaint]) to Blackstone’s real estate investments, 85% of which were in commercial and hotel properties.” Id. According to the District Court, without further factual enhancement as to how the troubles in the residential mortgage markets could have a foreseeable material effect on Blackstone’s real estate investments, plaintiffs’ allegations fell short of the plausibility standard set forth in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). In addition, the District Court found that plaintiffs had failed to allege any facts that, if true, would render false those statements alleged to be affirmative misrepresentations. The District Court further found that insofar as plaintiffs alleged that Blackstone was required to disclose general market conditions, such omissions are not actionable because Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) do not require disclosure of publicly available information: “The omission of generally known macro-economic conditions is not material because such matters are already part of the ‘total mix’ of information available to investors.” Landmen Partners, 659 F.Supp.2d at 545. Finally, the District *715 Court noted that the complaint contained no allegations that Blackstone knew that market conditions “were reasonably likely to have a material effect on its portfolio of real estate investments,” id. at 545, and stated that “generalized allegations that problems brewing in the market at large made it ‘foreseeable’ that a particular set of unidentified investments would sour are insufficient to ‘nudge[ ] [the] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible,’ ” id. at 546 (alterations in original) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955). The District Court’s opinion concluded with a brief analysis of the GAAP allegations. The District Court found that because those allegations were largely derivative of plaintiffs’ other allegations, they were insufficient to state a claim for essentially the same reasons that the primary allegations failed. Accordingly, the District Court granted Blackstone’s motion to dismiss and dismissed plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice. Judgment was entered in favor of Blackstone on September 25, 2009. Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal on October 23, 2009.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

“We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), accepting all factual allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” ECA & Local 134, 553 F.3d at 196. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must plead enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. —, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

Notably, plaintiffs’ complaint explicitly does not allege fraud; rather, it alleges that Blackstone acted negligently in preparing its Registration Statement and Prospectus. See Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 171 (2d Cir.2004) (“Fraud is not an element or a requisite to a claim under Section 11 or Section 12(a)(2).... [A] plaintiff need allege no more than negligence to proceed under Section 11 and Section 12(a)(2).... ”). Moreover, Blackstone does not argue on appeal that plaintiffs’ claims are premised on allegations of fraud. Accordingly, as pleaded, plaintiffs’ claims are not subject to the heightened pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). See id. (holding that Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard applies to claims under Section 11 and Section 12(a)(2) only “insofar as the claims are premised on allegations of fraud”). Stated differently, this is an ordinary notice pleading case, subject only to the “short and plain statement” requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a).

Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act

Section 11 of the Securities Act imposes liability on issuers and other signatories of a registration statement that, upon becoming effective, “contain[s] an untrue statement of a material fact or omit[s] to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.” 15 U.S.C. § 77k(a). Section 12(a)(2) imposes liability under similar circumstances on issuers or sellers of securities by means of a prospectus. See id. § 77i(a)(2). So long as a plaintiff establishes one of the three bases for liability under these provisions — (1) a material misrepresentation; (2) a material omission in contravention of an affirmative legal disclosure obligation; or (3) a material omission of information that is necessary to prevent existing disclosures from *716 being misleading, see In re Morgan Stanley Info. Fund Sec. Litig., 592 F.3d 347, 360 (2d Cir.2010) — then, in a Section 11 case, “the general rule [is] that an issuer’s liability ... is absolute.” In re Initial Pub. Offering Sec. Litig., 483 F.3d 70, 73 n. 1 (2d Cir.2007); see also Herman & Mac-Lean v. Huddleston, 459 U.S. 375, 381-82, 103 S.Ct. 683, 74 L.Ed.2d 548 (1983) (“[Section 11] was designed to assure compliance with the disclosure provisions of the [Securities] Act by imposing a stringent standard of liability on the parties who play a direct role in a registered offering.... Although limited in scope, Section 11 places a relatively minimal burden on a plaintiff.” (footnote omitted)). The primary issue before us is the second basis for liability; that is, whether Blackstone’s Registration Statement and Prospectus omitted material information that Blackstone was legally required to disclose. 9

Required Disclosures Under Item SOS of Regulation S-K

Plaintiffs principally contend that Item 303 of SEC Regulation S-K, 17 C.F.R. § 229.303(a)(3)(h), provides the basis for Blackstone’s disclosure obligation. Pursuant to Subsection (a)(3)(h) of Item 303, a registrant must “[describe any known trends or uncertainties ... that the registrant reasonably expects will have a material ... unfavorable impact on ... revenues or income from continuing operations.” Instruction 3 to paragraph 303(a) provides that “[t]he discussion and analysis shall focus specifically on material events and uncertainties known to management that would cause reported financial information not to be necessarily indicative of future operating results or of future financial condition.” 17 C.F.R. § 229.303(a) instruction 3. The SEC’s interpretive release regarding Item 303 clarifies that the Regulation imposes a disclosure duty “where a trend, demand, commitment, event or uncertainty is both [1] presently known to management and [2] reasonably likely to have material effects on the registrant’s financial condition or results of operations.” Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Securities Act Release No. 6835, Exchange Act Release No. 26,831, Investment Company Act Release No. 16,961, 43 SEC Docket 1330 (May 18, 1989) [hereinafter MD&A].

Although the District Court opinion and the parties on appeal primarily focus on the materiality of Blackstone’s alleged omissions, Blackstone does urge that plaintiffs’ complaint fails to adequately allege that Blackstone was required by Item 303 to disclose trends in the real estate market for the purpose of Sections 11 and 12(a)(2). We disagree. Plaintiffs allege that the downward trend in the real estate market was already known and existing at the time of the IPO, and that the trend or uncertainty in the market was reasonably likely to have a material impact on Blackstone’s financial condition. Therefore, plaintiffs have adequately pleaded a presently existing trend, event, or uncertainty, and the sole remaining issue is whether the effect of the “known” information was “reasonably likely” to be material for the purpose of Item 303 and, in turn, for the purpose of Sections 11 and 12(a)(2).

Legal Standard of Materiality

Materiality is an “inherently fact-specific finding,” Basic Inc. v. Levinson, *717 485 U.S. 224, 236, 108 S.Ct. 978, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988), that is satisfied when a plaintiff alleges “a statement or omission that a reasonable investor would have considered significant in making investment decisions,” Ganino v. Citizens Utils. Co., 228 F.3d 154, 161-62 (2d Cir.2000) (citing Basic, 485 U.S. at 231, 108 S.Ct. 978). 10 “[T]here must be a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the ‘total mix’ of information made available.” Id. at 162 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, “it is not necessary to assert that the investor would have acted differently if an accurate disclosure was made.” Id. Rather, when a district court is presented with a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “‘a complaint may not properly be dismissed ... on the ground that the alleged misstatements or omissions are not material unless they are so obviously unimportant to a reasonable investor that reasonable minds could not differ on the question of their importance.’ ” Id. (quoting Goldman v. Belden, 754 F.2d 1059, 1067 (2d Cir.1985)); see also TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 450, 96 S.Ct. 2126, 48 L.Ed.2d 757 (1976) (noting that even at the summary judgment stage, the “determination [of materiality] requires delicate assessments of the inferences a ‘reasonable shareholder’ would draw from a given set of facts and the significance of those inferences to him, and these assessments are peculiarly ones for the trier of fact”).

“[W]e have consistently rejected a formulaic approach to assessing the materiality of an alleged misrepresentation.” Ganino, 228 F.3d at 162; see also ECA & Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 204 (2d Cir.2009) (“While Ganino held that bright-line numerical tests for materiality are inappropriate, it did not exclude analysis based on, or even emphasis of, quantitative considerations.”). In both Ganino and EGA & Local 13b, we cited with approval SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, 64 Fed.Reg. 45,150 (1999) [hereinafter SAB No. 99], which provides relevant guidance regarding the proper assessment of materiality. See ECA & Local 134, 553 F.3d at 197-98; Ganino, 228 F.3d at 163-64.

As the SEC stated,

[t]he use of a percentage as a numerical threshold, such as 5%, may provide the basis for a preliminary assumption that ... a deviation of less than the specified percentage with respect to a particular item ... is unlikely to be material.... But quantifying, in percentage terms, the magnitude of a misstatement ... cannot appropriately be used as a substitute for a full analysis of all relevant considerations.

SAB No. 99, 64 Fed.Reg. at 45,151; see also ECA & Local 13b, 553 F.3d at 204 (noting that a “five percent numerical threshold is a good starting place for assessing ... materiality” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, a court must consider “both ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ factors in assessing an item’s materiality,” SAB No. 99, 64 Fed.Reg. at 45,151, and that consideration should be undertaken in an integrative manner. See Ganino, 228 F.3d at 163; see also In re Kidder Peabody Sec. Litig., 10 F.Supp.2d 398, 410-11 (S.D.N.Y.1998); SAB No. 99, 64 Fed.Reg. at 45,152 (“Qualitative factors may cause misstate *718 ments of quantitatively small amounts to be material...

In this case, the District Court confronted. a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a motion for which plaintiffs need only satisfy the basic notice pleading requirements of Rule 8. So long as plaintiffs plausibly allege that Blackstone omitted material information that it was required to disclose or made material misstatements in its offering documents, they meet the relatively minimal burden of stating a claim pursuant to Sections 11 and 12(a)(2), under which, should plaintiffs’ claims be substantiated, Blackstone’s liability as an issuer is absolute. Where the principal issue is materiality, an inherently fact-specific finding, the burden on plaintiffs to state a claim is even lower. Accordingly, we cannot agree with the District Court at this preliminary stage of litigation that the alleged omissions and misstatements “are so obviously unimportant to a reasonable investor that reasonable minds could not differ on the question of their importance.” Gemino, 228 F.3d at 162 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Materiality of Omissions Related to FGIC and Freescale

As to the materiality of the omissions related to FGIC and Freescale, Blackstone first argues that the relevant information was public knowledge, and thus could not be material because it was already part of the “total mix” of information available to investors. Specifically, Blackstone contends that, as the complaint itself alleges based on citations to news articles and analysts’ calls, the shift in FGIC’s strategy toward a less conservative approach to bond insurance and Freescale’s loss of its exclusive contract with Motorola were facts publicly known at the time of the IPO.

It is true that, as a general matter, the “ ‘total mix’ of information may ... include information already in the public domain and facts known or reasonably available to [potential investors].” United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Int’l Paper Co., 985 F.2d 1190, 1199 (2d Cir.1993) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Garber v. Legg Mason, Inc., 537 F.Supp.2d 597, 612 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (holding that defendants had no duty under the securities laws to disclose the publicly reported departure of an asset manager), affd, 347 Fed.Appx. 665 (2d Cir.2009) (summary order). But case law does not support the sweeping proposition that an issuer of securities is never required to disclose publicly available information. See, e.g., Kapps v. Torch Offshore, Inc., 379 F.3d 207, 213, 215 (5th Cir.2004) (holding that the “definition of ‘material’ under Section 11 is not strictly limited to information that is firm-specific and non-public” and noting that “the SEC requires an issuer to disclose certain ‘trends’ that could affect its business, and in appropriate circumstances this requirement may extend to certain trends that are not firm-specific or are publicly available”); United Paperworkers, 985 F.2d at 1199 (stating that “the mere presence in the media of sporadic news reports ... should not be considered to be part of the total mix of information that would clarify or place in proper context the company’s representations in its proxy materials”); see also Kronfeld v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 832 F.2d 726, 736 (2d Cir.1987) (“There are serious limitations on a corporation’s ability to charge its stockholders with knowledge of information omitted from a document such as a ... prospectus on the basis that the information is public knowledge and otherwise available to them.”), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 1007, 108 S.Ct. 1470, 99 L.Ed.2d 700 (1988).

In this case, the key information that plaintiffs assert should have been disclosed is whether, and to what extent, the particular known trend, event, or uncertainty *719 might have been reasonably expected to materially affect Blackstone’s investments. And this potential future impact was certainly not public knowledge, particularly in the case of FGIC, which was not even mentioned in Blackstone’s Registration Statement and thus cannot be considered part of the “total mix” of information already available to investors. Again, the focus of plaintiffs’ claims is the required disclosures under Item 303 — plaintiffs are not seeking the disclosure of the mere fact of Blackstone’s investment in FGIC, of the downward trend in the real estate market, or of Freescale’s loss of its exclusive contract with Motorola. Rather, plaintiffs claim that Blackstone was required to disclose the manner in which those then-known t