200 P.3d 333 (2009)

Ralph L. ARCHULETA, Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
Theodore GOMEZ, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 08SA109.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

January 20, 2009.

*336 Max I. Exline, Pueblo, Colorado, Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant.

MacDougall, Woldridge & Worley, P.C., Henry D. Worley, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee.

Justice HOBBS delivered the Opinion of the Court.

Plaintiff/Appellant Ralph L. Archuleta appeals a judgment entered by the District Court for Water Division No. 2. The judgment denied and dismissed Archuleta's complaint for an injunction against Theodore Gomez seeking restoration of three ditch rights-of-way and delivery of water through the ditches. The water court ruled that Gomez adversely possessed, and is now the owner of decreed irrigation water rights deeded to Archuleta in the: (1) Manzanares Ditch No. 1 (priority 26), (2) Archuleta Ditch (priority 30), and (3) Manzanares Ditch No. 2 (priority 31), all diverting from the Huerfano River in the Arkansas River Basin. The water court also determined that Archuleta's claim for an injunction against Gomez for interference with Archuleta's use of the Archuleta Ditch, priority 30, was substantially frivolous and awarded attorney's fees to Gomez in the amount of $2,665.00.

On appeal, Archuleta contends that Gomez has not satisfied his burden of proof to demonstrate the first element of adverse possession in a water case: actual beneficial use of another person's adjudicated water right, exclusively, hostilely, and adversely to the owner. Archuleta also contends the water court erred in awarding attorney's fees against him in regard to his injunction claims relating to the Archuleta Ditch.^[1]

Adverse possession law in Colorado prevents a claimant from adversely possessing water that is within a surface stream or tributary aquifer, but allows private water *337 users within an irrigation ditch to adversely possess against each other behind the headgate, that is, after the water has been diverted from the stream or aquifer pursuant to an adjudicated water right. We agree with Archuleta that, to succeed in his adverse possession claim, Gomez must demonstrate that he exclusively, hostilely, and adversely made an actual beneficial consumptive use of all or a portion of Archuleta's deeded irrigation water right interests on the Gomez lands for the 18-year adverse possession period, not just that he intercepted water in the three ditches belonging to Archuleta's deeded interests in the adjudicated water rights.

On the other hand, to succeed on his injunction action against Gomez to restore water deliveries through the three ditches, Archuleta must show that he did not abandon all of his water rights to the stream. All or any portion of an abandoned water right belongs to the stream, and neither an injunction nor an adverse possession action can revive an abandoned water right.

The water court awarded all of Archuleta's deeded interests in the adjudicated water rights to Gomez. However, the facts contained in the record of this case suggest that a portion of Archuleta's adjudicated water rights may have been abandoned to the stream, a portion may have been adversely possessed by Gomez, and a portion may still belong to Archuleta. A quantification of the use Gomez and Archuleta actually made of the historical beneficial consumptive use belonging to the perfected irrigation water rights of their common predecessor-in-interest, Sabino Archuleta, is required to determine how much, if any, of the beneficial consumptive use belonging to Archuleta's deeded interests now belongs to Gomez or Archuleta, or has been abandoned to the stream.

Even though the amount of water involved in this case may appear to be relatively small, the Arkansas River Basin wherein the Huerfano River is located is over-appropriated,^[2] adjudicated water rights with senior priorities are valuable, and the issues the parties have chosen to contest are highly significant to the water law.

Given the present state of the record, we determine that Archuleta has not sustained his burden of proof in the injunction action to restore ditch rights-of-way and water deliveries through them; nor has Gomez sustained his burden of proof to demonstrate adverse possession of all or any portion of Archuleta's deeded interests in the adjudicated irrigation water rights. Both parties deserve an opportunity to provide supplementary evidence consistent with the legal standards applicable to adverse possession and abandonment water law, if they choose to do so.

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the water court and remand this case for further findings of fact and judgment regarding both the injunction and adverse possession claims in this case.

I.

Archuleta sought a preliminary injunction requiring Gomez to restore ditches and allow his water to pass through the ditches to his parcel, pursuant to his record title to adjudicated irrigation water rights in three ditches: (1) Manzanares Ditch No. 1 (priority 26), (2) Archuleta Ditch (priority 30), and (3) Manzanares Ditch No. 2 (priority 31). Each of these ditches divert from the Huerfano River at separate headgates and only a handful of owners have rights in the adjudicated priorities for these ditches. Gomez contested Archuleta's request for a preliminary injunction on the basis of adverse possession.

Archuleta and Gomez both derive record title for their land, as well as water rights adjudicated for the three ditches, from a common predecessor-in-interest, Sabino Archuleta, Archuleta's grandfather. Gomez acquired his upper parcel and water rights from Sabino Archuleta in 1962, and his lower parcel and water rights from Sabino Archuleta in 1968. Lupe Archuleta, Sabino's son and Archuleta's father, obtained his parcel and water rights in 1967, the year before Gomez acquired the lower parcel from Sabino. Archuleta *338 obtained his parcel and water rights in the three ditches from Lupe Archuleta's estate in 1991.

The deed of May 11, 1962, from Sabino Archuleta to Gomez provides for:

An undivided one-half interest in the following lands and water rights: SW1/4 SW1/4 of Section 34, Township 26 South, Range 71 West of 6th P.M.; NW1/4 NW1/4 of Section 3; NE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 4, Township 27 South, Range 71 West of the 6th P.M.; containing 120 acres, more or less;

Together with all water and water rights appurtenant thereto, and particularly a pro rata interest in the Archuleta Ditch and 1.24 cu. ft. of water of the 3.68 cu. ft. of water allowed to flow therein under priority 30.

(Emphasis added). This 120-acre parcel owned by Gomez was referred to as the "upper parcel" during the trial.

The land and water rights description contained in the October 20, 1967, deed from Sabino Archuleta to Lupe Archuleta reads as follows:

West 18 acres of NE1/4 NW1/4 Section 2, Township 27 South, Range 71 West of the 6th P.M., together with 18/120s of the following described water rights: Interest in the Archuleta Ditch, and all of its 1.24 cubic feet of the 3.68 cubic feet of water per second of time allowed to flow thereun under Priority No. 30; 18/120s interest in a 1/6 interest in the Manzanares Ditch plus its 1/6 of the water allowed to flow therein under Priority No. 26; 18/120s in a 1/2 interest in the Manzanares No. 2 Ditch and 1/2 of the water allowed to flow therein under Priority No. 31[;] together with his interest in those ditches necessary to move and transport said water rights.

(Emphasis added). Archuleta acquired this 18-acre parcel and water rights in the three ditches from Lupe Archuleta's estate through the deed dated August 30, 1991.

The deed of March 27, 1968, from Sabino Archuleta to Gomez provides:

Township 27 South, Range 71 West of the 6th P.M. Section 2: E1/2 NW1/4; NW1/4 NW1/4 excepting therefrom the following described tract, to-wit: Beginning at the Southwest corner of the NE1/4, NW1/4, thence North 1320 feet[,] thence East 594 feet, then South 1320 feet, thence West 594 feet to the place of beginning; Together with all grantors rights and interest in the Archuleta Ditch being 102/120ths of 1.24 cu. ft. of water allowed to flow therein under priority 30, together with the same proportionate interest in the ditch, and 102/120ths of 1/6th of the 3.34 cu. ft. of water allowed to flow in the Manzanares Ditch priority 26, and a like interest in the ditch 102/120ths interest in 1/2 of .7 cu. ft. of water allowed to flow in Manzanares Ditch #2 under priority 31 and a like interest in the ditch and any and all, other ditches, ditch rights, water and water rights appurtenant thereto[.]

(Emphasis added). This 102-acre parcel owned by Gomez was referred to as the "lower parcel" during the trial. It surrounds and encloses Archuleta's 18-acre parcel.

The layout of the various parcels and the three ditches appears in Exhibit No. 1 in the record, an annotated aerial photograph. It shows the location of Gomez's and Archuleta's parcels and the three ditches, in relation to each other and other property owners north of the Huerfano River, near Redwing, Colorado in the Upper Huerfano river drainage of the Arkansas River Basin. Archuleta Ditch runs through Gomez's upper parcel. Exhibit No. 1 shows this ditch ending near the boundary of the Fortune 1 and Harms properties at the boundary of Gomez's lower parcel. Manzanares Ditch No. 1 runs through the western part of Gomez's lower parcel, across Archuleta's parcel, and onto the eastern part of Gomez's lower parcel. Manzanares Ditch No. 2 runs through the Fortune 1 and Harms parcels, and ends on the western side of Gomez's lower parcel.

The evidence shows, and the parties agree, that Gomez plowed under Manzanares Ditch No. 2 on the western side of his lower parcel, so that the ditch no longer runs onto Archuleta's property, and that Gomez intercepted water that would otherwise flow through the Manzanares Ditch No. 1 onto Archuleta's parcel. Although the Archuleta Ditch runs through Gomez's upper parcel, the water *339 court found that it had not extended into Gomez's lower parcel or onto Archuleta's parcel at least since 1968, when Gomez acquired the lower parcel.

Gomez claims in this litigation that he now owns, by adverse possession, all of Archuleta's deeded interests in the adjudicated priorities for the three irrigation ditches. In doing so, Gomez does not assert color of title under the seven year statute, section 38-41-108, C.R.S. (2008). Instead, Gomez relies on the following evidence to establish adverse possession: 18-years of Lupe Archuleta's non-use of the water rights commencing in 1968; Gomez's action in plowing up the Manzanares Ditch No. 2, and putting the water into a sealed-off pipe on the west side of his lower parcel so that the ditch no longer extends onto Archuleta's parcel; Gomez's action in building a by-pass device that intercepts water that would otherwise flow through Manzanares Ditch No. 1 from the western side of Gomez's lower parcel onto Archuleta's parcel; the existence of Archuleta Ditch on Gomez's upper parcel but the ditch's non-existence on his lower property or on Archuleta's parcel; the number of days Gomez has in rotation agreements with other water rights owners for the three ditches, coupled with Lupe Archuleta's absence in the rotation agreements; and Lupe Archuleta's non-participation in ditch maintenance or assessment payments since Gomez acquired the lower parcel in 1968.

The water court ruled that Gomez had adversely possessed all of Archuleta's water rights in the three ditches, focusing primarily on evidence of the rotation schedules for the three ditches that did not include Archuleta. However, even though Gomez may have intercepted water in the three ditches belonging to Archuleta's deeded interests, the present record does not contain evidence that Gomez made actual beneficial use of all or any portion of Archuleta's deeded irrigation water rights, in addition to making actual beneficial use of his own water rights.

Moreover, Gomez himself testified that Archuleta's parcel is sub-irrigated by tail water flowing from the Gomez property into Archuleta's property, suggesting that Lupe Archuleta may have been making consumptive use of all or a portion of his irrigation water without the necessity of using the ditches:

Mr. Worley: Now, have they (Lupe Archuleta or his son Ralph Archuleta) used tail water from time to time?

Mr. Gomez: Well, he gets all my tail water. Sub-irrigated. Right now. But a few years he made a trench because—he made a drain ditch to drain his meadow because it was getting flooded.* * *

Ms. Yoxey: Let me try to be a little bit clearer. Mr. Archuleta built a ditch running north and south to catch the water that run on the 31 (Manzanares Ditch No. 2)?

Mr. Gomez: Right. * * *

Ms. Yoxey: Isn't it true that he did that in order to keep his property from flooding with that water?

Mr. Gomez: Well, the undergrowth, under water, it will go anywhere. If he won't have built that trench, he would have been flooded. Through under. * * *

Mr. Worley: Now, the water that would run into the drain ditch that Ralph Archuleta constructed, is that water directly from the number 31 ditch or would that be tail water from the 31 ditch?

Mr. Gomez: That would be—well, I irrigate the upper part. On the 31.

Mr. Worley: And then does it run—

Mr. Gomez: And that's sub-irrigate to his place.

A logical inference from Gomez's testimony is that Archuleta's parcel, from when Lupe Archuleta owned it to the present day, may have been sufficiently irrigated from tail water produced from Gomez's diversion of one or more of Archuleta's adjudicated water rights. Thereby, Lupe Archuleta, not Gomez, could have been making actual beneficial use of Archuleta's deeded interest in water rights that Gomez claims to now own through adverse possession.

In his pre-trial brief to the water court, Archuleta contended that Gomez must quantify the beneficial use of Archuleta's water that Gomez claims to have made exclusively, hostilely, and adversely for irrigation on his parcels to the exclusion of Archuleta's use *340 during the 18-year statutory period: "Mr. Gomez absolutely must show he possessed the exact amount of water contained in Mr. Archuleta's deed for 18 years uninterrupted to prevail. To make the calculations which convert days or hours of use into fractional shares requires an expert, such as a mathematician or a water engineer." Archuleta's trial brief also pointed out that "[w]ater that is abandoned would go back into the stream, not to Mr. Gomez."

We agree that a quantification of actual beneficial use must be made in this case. We also agree with the court of appeals' prior holding in this case, Archuleta v. Gomez, 140 P.3d 281, 287 (Colo.App.2006), that, because an adverse possession water rights case involves "both the enforcement of a water right and an assertion that the right to use the water should be terminated and awarded to another based on beneficial use of the water," the water court is the only appropriate court to hear it. Ditch right-of-way questions involved in the case are within the ancillary jurisdiction of the water court. Id.; see also Maria E. Hohn, Colorado Water Court's Exclusive Jurisdiction For The Adverse Possession Of Water: Archuleta v. Gomez, 10 Univ. Den. Water L.Rev. 135 (2006).

II.

Given the present state of the record, we determine that Archuleta has not sustained his burden of proof in the injunction action to restore ditch rights-of-way and water deliveries; nor has Gomez sustained his burden of proof to demonstrate adverse possession of all or any portion of Archuleta's deeded interests in the adjudicated irrigation water rights of these ditches. Both parties deserve an opportunity to provide supplementary evidence consistent with the legal standards applicable to adverse possession and abandonment water law, if they choose to do so. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the water court and remand this case for further findings of fact and judgment regarding both the injunction and adverse possession claims in this case.

A.

Standard of Review

This case involves ditch rights-of-way, adjudicated water rights, deeds to both, and a conflict between neighbors regarding claimed interference with ditch rights-of-way and irrigation water rights. Since the initial session of the Colorado Territorial Legislature in 1861, ditch rights-of-way and water rights— separate real property interests intertwined with each other—have been key features of the water law. See Tonko v. Mallow, 154 P.3d 397, 402-04 (Colo.2007).

1. Ditch Rights-of-Way and Water Rights

The 1861 "An Act to Protect and Regulate the Irrigation of Lands," 1861 Colo. Territorial Laws, § 2, 67-68, provided for obtaining irrigation water use rights from the stream, together with the rights-of-way necessary to divert and convey the appropriated water to its place of beneficial use:

Section 1.

That all persons who claim, own or hold a possessory right or title to any land or parcel of land within the boundary of Colorado Territory, as defined in the Organic Act of said Territory, when those claims are on the bank, margin or neighborhood of any stream of water, creek or river, shall be entitled to the use of the water of said stream, creek or river, for the purposes of irrigation, and making said claims available, to the full extent of the soil, for agricultural purposes.

Id. at 67 (emphasis added).

Section 2.laws

That when any person, owning claims in such locality, has not sufficient length of area exposed to said stream in order to obtain a sufficient fall of water necessary to irrigate his land, or that his farm or land, used by him for agricultural purposes, is too far removed from said stream and that he has no water facilities on those lands, he shall be entitled to a right of way through the farms or tracts of land which lie between him and said stream, or the farms or tracts of land which lie above and *341 below him on said stream, for the purposes as herein before stated.

Id. at 67 (emphasis added).

In Yunker v. Nichols, our territorial predecessors considered ditch rights-of-way so important to the establishment and exercise of water rights that they cautioned the legislature against ever repealing the 1861 statute:

When the lands of this territory were derived from the general government, they were subject to the law of nature, which holds them barren until awakened to fertility by nourishing streams of water, and the purchasers could have no benefit from the grant without the right to irrigate them. It may be said, that all lands are held in subordination to the dominant right of others, who must necessarily pass over them to obtain a supply of water to irrigate their own lands, and this servitude arises, not by grant, but by operation of law.

1 Colo. 551, 555 (1872) (opinion by Chief Justice Hallett) (emphasis added).

I conceive that, with us, the right of every proprietor to have a way over the lands intervening between his possessions and the neighboring stream for the passage of water for the irrigation of so much of his land as may be actually cultivated, is well sustained by force of the necessity arising from local peculiarities of climate....

Id. at 570 (concurring opinion of Justice Wells) (emphasis added).

It seems to me, therefore, that the right springs out of the necessity, and existed before the statute was enacted, and would still survive though the statute were repealed.

If we say that the statute confers the right, then the statute may take it away, which cannot be admitted.

Id. (emphasis added).

The importance of ditch rights-of-way to the establishment and exercise of water rights in the public's water resource expressly appears in the 1876 constitution for the new state of Colorado:

Section 5. Water of Streams of public property.

The water of every natural stream, not heretofore appropriated, within the state of Colorado, is hereby declared to be the property of the public, and the same is dedicated to the use of the people of the state, subject to appropriation as hereinafter provided.

Colo. Const. art. XVI, § 5.

Section 6. Diverting unappropriated water-priority preferred uses.

The right to divert the unappropriated waters of any natural stream to beneficial uses shall never be denied. Priority of appropriation shall give the better right as between those using the water for the same purpose; but when the waters of any natural stream are not sufficient for the service of all those desiring the use of the same, those using the water for domestic purposes shall have the preference over those claiming for any other purpose, and those using the water for agricultural purposes shall have preference over those using the same for manufacturing purposes.

Id. at § 6.

Section 7. Right-of-way for ditches, flumes.

All persons and corporations shall have the right-of-way across public, private and corporate lands for the construction of ditches, canals and flumes, for the purpose of conveying water for domestic purposes for the irrigation of agricultural lands, and for mining and manufacturing purposes, and for drainage, upon payment of just compensation.

Id. at § 7.

In more recent times, as throughout the state's history, Colorado's judiciary has been called upon to resolve conflicts between competing claims involving rights-of-way and water rights. "In this state the right to the use of water for irrigation is deemed real estate, and is a distinct subject of grant, and may be transferred either with or without the land for which it was originally appropriated...." Davis v. Randall, 44 Colo. 488, 492, 99 P. 322, 324 (1909).

Our decision in Roaring Fork Club, L.P. v. St. Jude's Co., 36 P.3d 1229, 1237-38 (Colo. *342 2001), disapproves "self-help" remedies whereby a land owner extinguishes or alters a ditch that delivers water belonging to the adjudicated rights of others. Such "nonconsensual, unilateral alterations jeopardize valuable vested property rights both in the easement and in the water rights exercised by means of the ditch." Id. at 1238.

As to future disputes involving rights-of-way and water rights, we delineated a course of negotiation and, failing that, recognized that the owner of the servient estate may file a declaratory judgment action for the purpose of allowing ditch alterations that also continue to provide the owners of the water rights their water without an increase in cost to them. Id. at 1237-38.

Nevertheless, "self-help" to ditch rights-of-way and water rights continues to exist in the form of adverse possession. Colorado's adverse possession statutes, sections 38-41-101(1) & (2), C.R.S. (2008) (18-year statute), and 38-41-106, C.R.S. (2008), (7 year statute), recognize that ditch rights-of-way and water rights, both of which are real property rights in this state, can be adversely possessed against their private owners. Thus, owners of such rights must remain vigilant in the protection of their interests.

2. Adverse Possession and Abandonment Water Law

In Colorado, a party seeking to establish ownership of another person's water right by adverse possession has the burden of establishing that such possession is actual, adverse, hostile, and under claim of right, as well as open, notorious, exclusive, and continuous for the prescribed statutory period. Bagwell v. V-Heart Ranch, Inc., 690 P.2d 1271, 1273 (Colo.1984). Such a claim can be made only as between rival claimants to the possession and use of water, for the statutory period, behind the headgate, that is, after the water's diversion from the stream pursuant to an adjudicated water right. Mountain Meadow Ditch and Irrigation Co. v. Park Ditch and Reservoir Co., 130 Colo. 537, 539, 277 P.2d 527, 528 (1954).

Section 38-41-101(2), C.R.S. (2008), of Colorado's adverse possession statutes provides that no adverse possession claim may be made against "any ... water, water right... whatsoever dedicated to or owned by the state of Colorado." Accordingly, Colorado law does not recognize a claim of adverse possession against the stream or against appropriators on the stream. Ward H. Fischer, Adverse Possession of River Flows, 23 The Colorado Lawyer, June 1994, at 1313, 1315.

A party may not adversely possess water from a stream because a water right does not represent actual ownership of any part of the public's water in the stream, but only the right to claim and divert at the headgate of the diversion works the amount of water actually needed for beneficial use, up to the volume of the adjudicated priority. Mountain Meadow Ditch and Irrigation Co., 130 Colo. at 539, 277 P.2d at 528 ("The unappropriated water of every stream is the property of the public against which title by adverse user may not be acquired."); see also Granby Ditch & Reservoir Co. v. Hallenbeck, 127 Colo. 236, 241-42, 255 P.2d 965, 968 (1953) (stating that adjudicated water rights "may be lost by abandonment, but, in such a case, the priority abandoned does not continue and go to another by virtue of his use of the water; rather, the right itself ceases to exist and the water theretofore properly claimed under it goes to fill subsequent appropriations in their order of decreed priority").

Beneficial use is the most fundamental aspect of Colorado's prior appropriation water law. Section 6, Article XVI, of the Colorado Constitution provides, "The right to divert the unappropriated waters of any natural stream to beneficial uses shall never be denied." Accordingly, a water use right adjudicated for the purpose of recognizing its priority is a valuable property right that a public or private person or entity can obtain by making an actual beneficial use of a portion of the public's unappropriated water resource. High Plains A & M, LLC v. Se. Colo. Water Conservancy Dist., 120 P.3d 710, 717 (Colo.2005); see also Chatfield E. Well Co., Ltd. v. Chatfield E. Prop. Owners Ass'n, 956 P.2d 1260, 1268 (Colo.1998); New Mercer *343 Ditch Co. v. Armstrong, 21 Colo. 357, 365-66, 40 P. 989, 992 (1895).

The value of the water right resides in its adjudicated priority vis-à-vis all other adjudicated priorities to the use of waters of the natural stream, which includes surface water and tributary ground water. Empire Lodge Homeowners' Ass'n v. Moyer, 39 P.3d 1139, 1147-48 (Colo.2001). Under section 37-92-103(12), C.R.S. (2008), "`Water right' means a right to use in accordance with its priority a certain portion of the waters of the state by reason of the appropriation of the same." See Santa Fe Trail Ranches Prop. Owners Ass'n v. Simpson, 990 P.2d 46, 53-54, 58 (Colo.1999). The primary value of a water right resides in its priority relative to other water rights and the right to use the resource, not in the continuous tangible possession of the resource. Navajo Dev. Co., Inc. v. Sanderson, 655 P.2d 1374, 1377 (Colo.1982).

The Colorado doctrine of water use is propelled by need and bounded by scarcity. Diversion of water by itself cannot ripen into a water right if the water is not beneficially used; the basis, measure, and extent of a Colorado appropriative water right turns upon its actual beneficial use. Santa Fe Trail Ranches, 990 P.2d at 53-54; see also Shirola v. Turkey Cañon Ranch Ltd. Liab. Co., 937 P.2d 739, 747-48 (Colo.1997). Read into every decree for a water right is the implied condition that no more water can be diverted from the stream than is needed for an actual beneficial use. Weibert v. Rothe Brothers, 200 Colo. 310, 316, 618 P.2d 1367, 1371 (1980) ("The owner of a water right has no right as against a junior appropriator to waste water, i.e., to divert more than can be used beneficially ... [t]hese limitations are read into every water right decree by implication.") (citing Pulaski Irrigating Ditch Co. v. City of Trinidad, 70 Colo. 565, 203 P. 681 (1922); Baca Ditch Co. v. Coulson, 70 Colo. 192, 198 P. 272 (1921); Fort Lyon Canal Co. v. Chew, 33 Colo. 392, 81 P. 37 (1905)).

The nature of the property at issue in an adverse possession case is critical in determining what acts by the claimant are required for adverse possession. Palmer Ranch, Ltd. v. Suwansawasdi, 920 P.2d 870, 873 (Colo.App.1996). Adjudicated irrigation water rights are at issue in this case. Although the typical decree for an irrigation water right specifies only a flow rate of water taken through the headgate, expressed in cubic feet per second,^[3] the actual measure of a perfected irrigation water right consists of the amount of water, expressed in acre feet, beneficially consumed in exercising the right over a representative historical period of time in accordance with its decree at its place of use. High Plains A & M, LLC, 120 P.3d at 710 ("Over an extended period of time a pattern of historic diversions and use under the decreed right at its place of use will mature and become the measure of the appropriation for change purposes."); In re Application for Water Rights of Midway Ranches Prop. Owners' Ass'n Inc., 938 P.2d 515, 521 (Colo.1997).

In Weibert, we emphasized the longstanding doctrine that water rights decreed for irrigation are limited to the "duty of water." 200 Colo. at 316-17, 618 P.2d at 1371. This principle of beneficial use recognizes that any given acreage of cropland needs and is limited to a productive amount of water. The duty of water is:

[T]hat measure of water, which, by careful management and use, without wastage, is reasonably required to be applied to any given tract of land for such period of time as may be adequate to produce therefrom a maximum amount of such crops as ordinarily are grown thereon. It is not a hard and fast unit of measurement, but is variable according to conditions.

Id. Thus, water cases often necessitate testimony analyzing the nature and extent of crop production on various parcels of land, in order to determine the extent of allowable beneficial use that can be made of the water right. See, e.g., Farmers Reservoir and Irrigation Co. v. City of Golden, 44 P.3d 241, 255 *344 (Colo.2002) (recognizing that "use of water for irrigation is limited in time and volume by the needs of the land ...") (citations omitted). The amount of beneficial consumptive use belonging to an irrigation water right is typically demonstrated by proof addressing a number of factors centering on the crops that have been grown on the land actually irrigated. See Developing a Water Supply in Colorado: the Role of an Engineer, 3 Univ. Denv. Water L.Rev. 373, 379-80 (2000).

In addition to standing for the proposition that an adverse possession claimant must demonstrate actual beneficial use of the deeded owner's water right, our cases establish that no person can revive or adversely possess an abandoned water right. Farmers Reservoir & Irrigation Co. v. Fulton Irrigating Ditch Co., 108 Colo. 482, 486, 120 P.2d 196, 199 (1941) ("After abandonment becomes an accomplished fact, the attempt to exercise the abandoned right differs in no respect from an attempt by one who never had a right to assert...."); Se. Colo. Water Conservancy Dist. v. Twin Lakes Associates, Inc., 770 P.2d 1231, 1238 (Colo.1989) ("Any attempt by the former owner to claim a priority relating back to the priority date of the former right is of no avail."). Thus, adverse possession cases should address whether the deeded owner abandoned the water right. See, e.g., Nesbitt v. Jones, 140 Colo. 412, 421, 344 P.2d 949, 953 (1959); Archuleta, 140 P.3d at 286. If the right has been abandoned, the water belonging to it for beneficial use reverts to the stream, and the right cannot be revived through adverse possession.

Instead, the adverse possession claimant must show that the adjudicated irrigation water right at issue was continuously put to beneficial use on lands irrigated by the claimant, rather than the deeded owner, during the statutory period. Section 37-92-402(10), C.R.S. (2008), of Colorado's 1969 Water Right Adjudication and Administration Act provides that ten or more years of non-use of a water right by the person entitled to use the right creates a rebuttable presumption of abandonment to the stream of the right, or that part of the right, which has not been exercised. Abandonment is defined as "the termination of a water right in whole or in part as a result of the intent of the owner thereof to discontinue permanently the use of all or part of the water available thereunder." § 37-92-103(2), C.R.S. (2008) (emphasis added).

A presumption of abandonment requires the concurrence of two elements: non-use for the statutory period (ten years) and the intent to abandon. Se. Colo. Water Conservancy Dist., 770 P.2d at 1238. This presumption may be rebutted by evidence of the owner's intent not to abandon the right; evidence rebutting the presumption of abandonment may include such acts as loaning or leasing the water to others or good faith efforts to sell the water right. See § 37-80.5-104.5, C.R.S. (2008); § 37-83-105, C.R.S. (2008); § 37-92-103(2), C.R.S. (2008) (providing for tolling in specified circumstances); Se. Colo. Water Conservancy Dist., 770 P.2d at 1238; Knapp v. Colo. River Water Conservation Dist., 131 Colo. 42, 54-55, 279 P.2d 420, 425, 426 (1955); Mason v. Hills Land & Cattle Co., 119 Colo. 404, 408, 204 P.2d 153, 155-56 (1949). Abandonment of a water right may occur in whole or in part; the amount of water abandoned reverts to the stream, to the benefit of other rights in order of their adjudicated priority. Se. Colo. Water Conservancy Dist., 770 P.2d at 1238; Rocky Mountain Power Co. v. White River Elec. Ass'n, 151 Colo. 45, 51, 376 P.2d 158, 161 (1962). Evidence rebutting the presumption of abandonment may also be adduced by an adverse possession claimant who demonstrates his or her continuous use of the deeded owner's interest in the adjudicated water right.

As demonstrated by our cases, adverse possession is very difficult to establish.^[4] Our *345 cases repeatedly reject such claims. Id.; see also German Ditch & Reservoir Co. v. Platte Val. Irrigation Co., 67 Colo. 390, 178 P. 896 (1919); Mountain Meadow Ditch and Irrigation Co., 130 Colo. 537, 277 P.2d 527 (1954). In Loshbaugh v. Benzel, 133 Colo. 49, 61-62, 291 P.2d 1064, 1070-71 (1956), we stated, "It is not reasonable to suppose that priority of right to water, where water is scarce, or likely to become so, will be lightly sacrificed or surrendered by its owner. Nor should the owner of such a right be held to have surrendered it or merged it except upon reasonably clear and satisfactory evidence." (citing Rominger v. Squires, 9 Colo. 327, 329, 12 P. 213, 214 (1886)).

We required the adverse claimant in Loshbaugh to prove that his possession to the claimed amount of water was actual, adverse, hosti