AI Case Brief
Generate an AI-powered case brief with:
đKey Facts
âď¸Legal Issues
đCourt Holding
đĄReasoning
đŻSignificance
Estimated cost: $0.001 - $0.003 per brief
Full Opinion
(Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2016 1
Syllabus
NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Syllabus
ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS, ATTORNEY
GENERAL
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
No. 16â54. Argued February 27, 2017âDecided May 30, 2017
Petitioner, a citizen of Mexico and lawful permanent resident of the
United States, pleaded no contest in a California court to a statutory
rape offense criminalizing âunlawful sexual intercourse with a minor
who is more than three years younger than the perpetrator.â Cal.
Penal Code Ann. §261.5(c). For purposes of that offense, California
defines âminorâ as âa person under the age of 18.â §261.5(a). Based
on this conviction, the Department of Homeland Security initiated
removal proceedings under the Immigration and Nationality Act
(INA), which makes removable â[a]ny alien who is convicted of an ag-
gravated felony,â 8 U. S. C. §1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), including âsexual
abuse of a minor,â §1101(a)(43)(A). An Immigration Judge ordered
petitioner removed to Mexico. The Board of Immigration Appeals
agreed that petitionerâs crime constituted sexual abuse of a minor
and dismissed his appeal. A divided Court of Appeals denied his pe-
tition for review.
Held: In the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual
intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants, the generic
federal definition of âsexual abuse of a minorâ requires the age of the
victim to be less than 16. Pp. 2â12.
(a) Under the categorical approach employed to determine whether
an alienâs conviction qualifies as an aggravated felony, the Court asks
whether â âthe state statute defining the crime of convictionâ categori-
cally fits within the âgenericâ federal definition of a corresponding ag-
gravated felony.â Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U. S. 184, 190. Petition-
erâs state conviction is thus an âaggravated felonyâ only if the least of
the acts criminalized by the state statute falls within the generic fed-
eral definition of sexual abuse of a minor. Johnson v. United States,
2 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Syllabus
559 U. S. 133, 137. Pp. 2â3.
(b) The least of the acts criminalized by Cal. Penal Code §261.5(c)
would be consensual sexual intercourse between a victim who is al-
most 18 and a perpetrator who just turned 21. Regardless of the ac-
tual facts of the case, this Court presumes that petitionerâs conviction
was based on those acts. Pp. 3â4.
(c) In the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual
intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants, the generic
federal definition of âsexual abuse of a minorâ requires that the vic-
tim be younger than 16. The Court begins, as always, with the text.
Pp. 4â7.
(1) Congress added sexual abuse of a minor to the INA in 1996.
At that time, the ordinary meaning of âsexual abuseâ included âthe
engaging in sexual contact with a person who is below a specified age
or who is incapable of giving consent because of age or mental or
physical incapacity.â Merriam-Websterâs Dictionary of Law 454. By
providing that the abuse must be âof a minor,â the INA focuses on
age, rather than mental or physical incapacity. Accordingly, to quali-
fy as sexual abuse of a minor, the statute of conviction must prohibit
certain sexual acts based at least in part on the age of the victim.
Statutory rape laws, which are one example of this category of
crimes, generally provide that an older person may not engage in
sexual intercourse with a younger person under the âage of consent.â
Reliable dictionaries indicate that the âgenericâ age of consent in
1996 was 16, and it remains so today. Pp. 4â6.
(2) The Government argues that sexual abuse of a minor includes
any conduct that is illegal, involves sexual activity, and is directed at
a person younger than 18. For support, it points to the 1990 Blackâs
Law Dictionary, which defined sexual abuse of a minor as â[i]llegal
sex acts performed against a minor by a parent, guardian, relative, or
acquaintanceâ and defined â[m]inorâ as â[a]n infant or person who is
under the age of legal competence,â which in âmost statesâ was â18.â
But the generic federal offense does not correspond to the Govern-
mentâs definition, for three reasons. First, the Governmentâs defini-
tion is inconsistent with its own dictionaryâs requirement that a spe-
cial relationship of trust exist between the victim and offender.
Second, in the statutory rape context, âof a minorâ refers to the age of
consent, not the age of legal competence. Third, the Governmentâs
definition turns the categorical approach on its head by defining the
generic federal offense as whatever is illegal under the law of the
State of conviction. Pp. 6â7.
(d) The structure of the INA, a related federal statute, and evi-
dence from state criminal codes confirm that, for a statutory rape of-
fense based solely on the age of the participants to qualify as sexual
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 3
Syllabus
abuse of a minor under the INA, the victim must be younger than 16.
The INA lists sexual abuse of a minor as an âaggravatedâ felony,
§1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), and lists it in the same subparagraph as âmurderâ
and ârape,â §1101(a)(43)(A), suggesting that it encompasses only es-
pecially egregious felonies. A different statute, 18 U. S. C. §2243,
criminalizes â[s]exual abuse of a minor or ward.â Section 2243 was
amended to protect anyone under age 16 in the same omnibus law
that added sexual abuse of a minor to the INA, suggesting that Con-
gress understood that phrase to cover victims under (but not over)
age 16. Finally, a significant majority of state criminal codes set the
age of consent at 16 for statutory rape offenses predicated exclusively
on the age of the participants. Pp. 7â11.
(e) This Court does not decide whether the generic crime of sexual
abuse of a minor requires a particular age differential between the
victim and the perpetrator or whether it encompasses sexual inter-
course involving victims over 16 that is abusive because of the nature
of the relationship between the participants. P. 11.
(f) Because the statute, read in context, unambiguously forecloses
the Boardâs interpretation of sexual abuse of a minor, neither the rule
of lenity nor Chevron deference applies. Pp. 11â12.
810 F. 3d 1019, reversed.
THOMAS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which all other
Members joined, except GORSUCH, J., who took no part in the considera-
tion or decision of the case.
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 1
Opinion of the Court
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to
notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash-
ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order
that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
_________________
No. 16â54
_________________
JUAN ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA, PETITIONER v.
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III,
ATTORNEY GENERAL
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[May 30, 2017]
JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 66 Stat.
163, as amended, provides that â[a]ny alien who is con-
victed of an aggravated felony after admissionâ to the
United States may be removed from the country by the
Attorney General. 8 U. S. C. §1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). One of
the many crimes that constitutes an aggravated felony
under the INA is âsexual abuse of a minor.â
§1101(a)(43)(A). A conviction for sexual abuse of a minor
is an aggravated felony regardless of whether it is for a
âviolation of Federal or State law.â §1101(a)(43). The INA
does not expressly define sexual abuse of a minor.
We must decide whether a conviction under a state
statute criminalizing consensual sexual intercourse be-
tween a 21-year-old and a 17-year-old qualifies as sexual
abuse of a minor under the INA. We hold that it does not.
I
Petitioner Juan Esquivel-Quintana is a native and
citizen of Mexico. He was admitted to the United States
as a lawful permanent resident in 2000. In 2009, he
2 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion of the Court
pleaded no contest in the Superior Court of California to a
statutory rape offense: âunlawful sexual intercourse with a
minor who is more than three years younger than the
perpetrator,â Cal. Penal Code Ann. §261.5(c) (West 2014);
see also §261.5(a) (âUnlawful sexual intercourse is an act
of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is
not the spouse of the perpetrator, if the person is a mi-
norâ). For purposes of that offense, California defines
âminorâ as âa person under the age of 18 years.â Ibid.
The Department of Homeland Security initiated removal
proceedings against petitioner based on that conviction.
An Immigration Judge concluded that the conviction
qualified as âsexual abuse of a minor,â 8 U. S. C.
§1101(a)(43)(A), and ordered petitioner removed to Mexico.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (Board) dismissed his
appeal. 26 I. & N. Dec. 469 (2015). â[F]or a statutory rape
offense involving a 16- or 17-year-old victimâ to qualify as
â âsexual abuse of a minor,â â it reasoned, âthe statute must
require a meaningful age difference between the victim
and the perpetrator.â Id., at 477. In its view, the 3-year
age difference required by Cal. Penal Code §261.5(c) was
meaningful. Id., at 477. Accordingly, the Board concluded
that petitionerâs crime of conviction was an aggravated
felony, making him removable under the INA. Ibid. A
divided Court of Appeals denied Esquivel-Quintanaâs
petition for review, deferring to the Boardâs interpretation
of sexual abuse of a minor under Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v.
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U. S. 837
(1984). 810 F. 3d 1019 (CA6 2016); see also id., at 1027
(Sutton, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). We
granted certiorari, 580 U. S. ___ (2016), and now reverse.
II
Section 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) makes aliens removable based
on the nature of their convictions, not based on their
actual conduct. See Mellouli v. Lynch, 575 U. S. ___, ___
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 3
Opinion of the Court
(2015) (slip op., at 7). Accordingly, to determine whether
an alienâs conviction qualifies as an aggravated felony
under that section, we âemploy a categorical approach by
looking to the statute . . . of conviction, rather than to the
specific facts underlying the crime.â Kawashima v. Holder,
565 U. S. 478, 483 (2012); see, e.g., Gonzales v. Duenas-
Alvarez, 549 U. S. 183, 186 (2007) (applying the categori-
cal approach set forth in Taylor v. United States, 495 U. S.
575 (1990), to the INA). Under that approach, we ask
whether â âthe state statute defining the crime of convic-
tionâ categorically fits within the âgenericâ federal defini-
tion of a corresponding aggravated felony.â Moncrieffe v.
Holder, 569 U. S. 184, 190 (2013) (quoting Duenas-
Alvarez, supra, at 186). In other words, we presume that
the state conviction ârested upon . . . the least of th[e] actsâ
criminalized by the statute, and then we determine
whether that conduct would fall within the federal defini-
tion of the crime. Johnson v. United States, 559 U. S. 133,
137 (2010); see also Moncrieffe, supra, at 191 (focusing âon
the minimum conduct criminalized by the state statuteâ).1
Petitionerâs state conviction is thus an âaggravated felonyâ
under the INA only if the least of the acts criminalized by
the state statute falls within the generic federal definition
of sexual abuse of a minor.
A
Because Cal. Penal Code §261.5(c) criminalizes âunlaw-
ful sexual intercourse with a minor who is more than
ââââââ
1 Where a state statute contains several different crimes that are
described separately, we employ what is known as the âmodified
categorical approach.â See Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U. S. 183,
187 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under that approach,
which is not at issue here, the court may review the charging docu-
ments, jury instructions, plea agreement, plea colloquy, and similar
sources to determine the actual crime of which the alien was convicted.
See ibid.
4 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion of the Court
three years younger than the perpetratorâ and defines a
minor as someone under age 18, the conduct criminalized
under this provision would be, at a minimum, consensual
sexual intercourse between a victim who is almost 18 and
a perpetrator who just turned 21. Regardless of the actual
facts of petitionerâs crime, we must presume that his
conviction was based on acts that were no more criminal
than that. If those acts do not constitute sexual abuse of a
minor under the INA, then petitioner was not convicted of
an aggravated felony and is not, on that basis, removable.
Petitioner concedes that sexual abuse of a minor under
the INA includes some statutory rape offenses. But he
argues that a statutory rape offense based solely on the
partnersâ ages (like the one here) is â âabuseâ â âonly when
the younger partner is under 16.â Reply Brief 2. Because
the California statute criminalizes sexual intercourse
when the victim is up to 17 years old, petitioner contends
that it does not categorically qualify as sexual abuse of a
minor.
B
We agree with petitioner that, in the context of statutory
rape offenses that criminalize sexual intercourse based
solely on the age of the participants, the generic federal
definition of sexual abuse of a minor requires that the
victim be younger than 16. Because the California statute
at issue in this case does not categorically fall within that
definition, a conviction pursuant to it is not an aggravated
felony under §1101(a)(43)(A). We begin, as always, with
the text.
1
Section 1101(a)(43)(A) does not expressly define sexual
abuse of a minor, so we interpret that phrase using the
normal tools of statutory interpretation. âOur analysis
begins with the language of the statute.â Leocal v. Ash-
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 5
Opinion of the Court
croft, 543 U. S. 1, 8 (2004); see also Lopez v. Gonzales, 549
U. S. 47, 53 (2006) (âThe everyday understanding of â the
term used in §1101 âshould count for a lot here, for the
statutes in play do not define the term, and so remit us to
regular usage to see what Congress probably meantâ).
Congress added sexual abuse of a minor to the INA in
1996, as part of a comprehensive immigration reform act.
See Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsi-
bility Act of 1996, §321(a)(i), 110 Stat. 3009â627. At that
time, the ordinary meaning of âsexual abuseâ included âthe
engaging in sexual contact with a person who is below a
specified age or who is incapable of giving consent because
of age or mental or physical incapacity.â Merriam-
Websterâs Dictionary of Law 454 (1996). By providing that
the abuse must be âof a minor,â the INA focuses on age,
rather than mental or physical incapacity. Accordingly, to
qualify as sexual abuse of a minor, the statute of convic-
tion must prohibit certain sexual acts based at least in
part on the age of the victim.
Statutory rape laws are one example of this category of
crimes. Those laws generally provide that an older person
may not engage in sexual intercourse with a younger
person under a specified age, known as the âage of con-
sent.â See id., at 20 (defining âage of consentâ as âthe age
at which a person is deemed competent by law to give
consent esp. to sexual intercourseâ and cross-referencing
âstatutory rapeâ). Many laws also require an age differen-
tial between the two partners.
Although the age of consent for statutory rape purposes
varies by jurisdiction, see infra, at 9, reliable dictionaries
provide evidence that the âgenericâ ageâin 1996 and
todayâis 16. See B. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern
Legal Usage 38 (2d ed. 1995) (âAge of consent, usu[ally] 16,
denotes the age when one is legally capable of agreeing . . .
to sexual intercourseâ and cross-referencing âstatutory
rapeâ); Blackâs Law Dictionary 73 (10th ed. 2014) (noting
6 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion of the Court
that the age of consent is âusu[ally] defined by statute as
16 yearsâ).
2
Relying on a different dictionary (and âsparseâ legisla-
tive history), the Government suggests an alternative
â âeveryday understandingâ â of âsexual abuse of a minor.â
Brief for Respondent 16â17 (citing Blackâs Law Dictionary
1375 (6th ed. 1990)). Around the time sexual abuse of a
minor was added to the INAâs list of aggravated felonies,
that dictionary defined â[s]exual abuseâ as â[i]llegal sex
acts performed against a minor by a parent, guardian,
relative, or acquaintance,â and defined â[m]inorâ as â[a]n
infant or person who is under the age of legal competence,â
which in âmost statesâ was â18.â Id., at 997, 1375. â âSex-
ual abuse of a minor,â â the Government accordingly con-
tends, âmost naturally connotes conduct that (1) is illegal,
(2) involves sexual activity, and (3) is directed at a person
younger than 18 years old.â Brief for Respondent 17.
We are not persuaded that the generic federal offense
corresponds to the Governmentâs definition. First, the
Governmentâs proposed definition is flatly inconsistent
with the definition of sexual abuse contained in the very
dictionary on which it relies; the Governmentâs proposed
definition does not require that the act be performed âby a
parent, guardian, relative, or acquaintance.â Blackâs Law
Dictionary 1375 (6th ed. 1990) (emphasis added). In any
event, as we explain below, offenses predicated on a spe-
cial relationship of trust between the victim and offender
are not at issue here and frequently have a different age
requirement than the general age of consent. Second, in
the context of statutory rape, the prepositional phrase âof
a minorâ naturally refers not to the age of legal compe-
tence (when a person is legally capable of agreeing to a
contract, for example), but to the age of consent (when a
person is legally capable of agreeing to sexual intercourse).
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 7
Opinion of the Court
Third, the Governmentâs definition turns the categorical
approach on its head by defining the generic federal of-
fense of sexual abuse of a minor as whatever is illegal
under the particular law of the State where the defendant
was convicted. Under the Governmentâs preferred ap-
proach, there is no âgenericâ definition at all. See Taylor,
495 U. S., at 591 (requiring âa clear indication that . . .
Congress intended to abandon its general approach of
using uniform categorical definitions to identify predicate
offensesâ); id., at 592 (âWe think that âburglaryâ in §924(e)
must have some uniform definition independent of the
labels employed by the various Statesâ criminal codesâ).
C
The structure of the INA, a related federal statute, and
evidence from state criminal codes confirm that, for a
statutory rape offense to qualify as sexual abuse of a
minor under the INA based solely on the age of the partic-
ipants, the victim must be younger than 16.
1
Surrounding provisions of the INA guide our interpreta-
tion of sexual abuse of a minor. See A. Scalia & B. Garner,
Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 167
(2012). This offense is listed in the INA as an âaggravated
felony.â 8 U. S. C. §1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) (emphasis added).
âAn âaggravatedâ offense is one âmade worse or more seri-
ous by circumstances such as violence, the presence of a
deadly weapon, or the intent to commit another crime.â â
Carachuri-Rosendo v. Holder, 560 U. S. 563, 574 (2010)
(quoting Blackâs Law Dictionary 75 (9th ed. 2009)). More-
over, the INA lists sexual abuse of a minor in the same
subparagraph as âmurderâ and ârape,â §1101(a)(43)(A)â
among the most heinous crimes it defines as aggravated
felonies. §1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). The structure of the INA
therefore suggests that sexual abuse of a minor encom-
8 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion of the Court
passes only especially egregious felonies.
A closely related federal statute, 18 U. S. C. §2243,
provides further evidence that the generic federal defini-
tion of sexual abuse of a minor incorporates an age of
consent of 16, at least in the context of statutory rape
offenses predicated solely on the age of the participants.
Cf. Leocal, 543 U. S., at 12â13, n. 9 (concluding that Con-
gressâ treatment of 18 U. S. C. §16 in an Act passed âjust
nine months earlierâ provided âstron[g] suppor[t]â for our
interpretation of §16 as incorporated into the INA); Pow-
erex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Services, Inc., 551 U. S. 224,
232 (2007). Section 2243, which criminalizes â[s]exual
abuse of a minor or ward,â contains the only definition of
that phrase in the United States Code. As originally
enacted in 1986, §2243 proscribed engaging in a âsexual
actâ with a person between the ages of 12 and 16 if the
perpetrator was at least four years older than the victim.
In 1996, Congress expanded §2243 to include victims who
were younger than 12, thereby protecting anyone under
the age of 16. §2243(a); see also §2241(c). Congress did
this in the same omnibus law that added sexual abuse of a
minor to the INA, which suggests that Congress under-
stood that phrase to cover victims under age 16.2 See
Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997, §§121(7),
321,110 Stat. 3009â31, 3009â627.
Petitioner does not contend that the definition in
§2243(a) must be imported wholesale into the INA, Brief
for Petitioner 17, and we do not do so. One reason is that
the INA does not cross-reference §2243(a), whereas many
other aggravated felonies in the INA are defined by cross-
reference to other provisions of the United States Code,
ââââââ
2 To eliminate a redundancy, Congress later amended §2243(a) to
revert to the pre-1996 language. See Protection of Children From
Sexual Predators Act of 1998, §301(b), 112 Stat. 2979. That amend-
ment does not change Congressâ understanding in 1996, when it added
sexual abuse of a minor to the INA.
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 9
Opinion of the Court
see, e.g., §1101(a)(43)(H) (âan offense described in section
875, 876, 877, or 1202 of Title 18 (relating to the demand
for or receipt of ransom)â). Another is that §2243(a) re-
quires a 4-year age difference between the perpetrator and
the victim. Combining that element with a 16-year age of
consent would categorically exclude the statutory rape
laws of most States. See Brief for Respondent 34â35; cf.
Taylor, 495 U. S., at 594 (declining to âconstru[e] âburglaryâ
to mean common-law burglary,â because that âwould come
close to nullifying that termâs effect in the statute,â since
âfew of the crimes now generally recognized as burglaries
would fall within the common-law definitionâ). Accordingly,
we rely on §2243(a) for evidence of the meaning of sexual
abuse of a minor, but not as providing the complete or
exclusive definition.
2
As in other cases where we have applied the categorical
approach, we look to state criminal codes for additional
evidence about the generic meaning of sexual abuse of a
minor. See Taylor, 495 U. S., at 598 (interpreting ââbur-
glaryââ under the Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984 accord-
ing to âthe generic sense in which the term is now used in
the criminal codes of most Statesâ); Duenas-Alvarez, 549
U. S., at 190 (interpreting âtheftâ in the INA in the same
manner). When âsexual abuse of a minorâ was added to
the INA in 1996, thirty-one States and the District of
Columbia set the age of consent at 16 for statutory rape
offenses that hinged solely on the age of the participants.
As for the other States, one set the age of consent at 14;
two set the age of consent at 15; six set the age of consent
at 17; and the remaining ten, including California, set the
age of consent at 18. See Appendix, infra; cf. ALI, Model
Penal Code §213.3(1)(a) (1980) (in the absence of a special
relationship, setting the default age of consent at 16 for
10 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion of the Court
the crime of â[c]orruption of [m]inorsâ).3 A significant
majority of jurisdictions thus set the age of consent at 16
for statutory rape offenses predicated exclusively on the
age of the participants.
Many jurisdictions set a different age of consent for
offenses that include an element apart from the age of the
participants, such as offenses that focus on whether the
perpetrator is in some special relationship of trust with
the victim. That was true in the two States that had
offenses labeled âsexual abuse of a minorâ in 1996. See
Alaska Stat. §11.41.438 (1996) (age of consent for third-
degree âsexual abuse of a minorâ was 16 generally but 18
where âthe offender occupie[d] a position of authority in
relation to the victimâ); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann., Tit. 17âA,
§254(1) (1983), as amended by 1995 Me. Laws p. 123 (age
of consent for â[s]exual abuse of minorsâ was 16 generally
but 18 where the victim was âa studentâ and the offender
was âa teacher, employee or other official in the . . . school
. . . in which the student [was] enrolledâ). And that is true
in four of the five jurisdictions that have offenses titled
âsexual abuse of a minorâ today. Compare, e.g., D. C. Code
§§22â3001 (2012), 22â3008 (2016 Cum. Supp.) (age of
consent is 16 in the absence of a significant relationship)
with §22â3009.01 (age of consent is 18 where the offender
âis in a significant relationshipâ with the victim); see also
Brief for Respondent 31 (listing statutes with that title).
Accordingly, the generic crime of sexual abuse of a minor
may include a different age of consent where the perpetra-
tor and victim are in a significant relationship of trust. As
ââââââ
3 The Government notes that this sort of multijurisdictional analysis
can âbe useful insofar as it helps shed light on the âcommon understand-
ing and meaningâ of the federal provision being interpreted,â but that it
is not required by the categorical approach. Brief for Respondent 23â25
(quoting Perrin v. United States, 444 U. S. 37, 45 (1979)). We agree. In
this case, state criminal codes aid our interpretation of âsexual abuse of
a minorâ by offering useful context.
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 11
Opinion of the Court
relevant to this case, however, the general consensus from
state criminal codes points to the same generic definition
as dictionaries and federal law: Where sexual intercourse
is abusive solely because of the ages of the participants,
the victim must be younger than 16.
D
The laws of many States and of the Federal Government
include a minimum age differential (in addition to an age
of consent) in defining statutory rape. We need not and do
not decide whether the generic crime of sexual abuse of a
minor under 8 U. S. C. §1101(a)(43)(A) includes an addi-
tional element of that kind. Petitioner has âshow[n] some-
thing special about Californiaâs version of the doctrineââ
that the age of consent is 18, rather than 16âand needs
no more to prevail. Duenas-Alvarez, supra, at 191. Ab-
sent some special relationship of trust, consensual sexual
conduct involving a younger partner who is at least 16
years of age does not qualify as sexual abuse of a minor
under the INA, regardless of the age differential between
the two participants. We leave for another day whether
the generic offense requires a particular age differential
between the victim and the perpetrator, and whether the
generic offense encompasses sexual intercourse involving
victims over the age of 16 that is abusive because of the
nature of the relationship between the participants.
III
Finally, petitioner and the Government debate whether
the Boardâs interpretation of sexual abuse of a minor is
entitled to deference under Chevron, 467 U. S. 837. Peti-
tioner argues that any ambiguity in the meaning of this
phrase must be resolved in favor of the alien under the
rule of lenity. See Brief for Petitioner 41â45. The Gov-
ernment responds that ambiguities should be resolved by
deferring to the Boardâs interpretation. See Brief for
12 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion of the Court
Respondent 45â53. We have no need to resolve whether
the rule of lenity or Chevron receives priority in this case
because the statute, read in context, unambiguously fore-
closes the Boardâs interpretation. Therefore, neither the
rule of lenity nor Chevron applies.
* * *
We hold that in the context of statutory rape offenses
focused solely on the age of the participants, the generic
federal definition of âsexual abuse of a minorâ under
§1101(a)(43)(A) requires the age of the victim to be less
than 16. The judgment of the Court of Appeals, accordingly,
is reversed.
It is so ordered.
JUSTICE GORSUCH took no part in the consideration or
decision of this case.
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 13
Opinion
Appendix of the of
to opinion Court
the Court
APPENDIX
These tables list offenses criminalizing sexual intercourse
solely because of the age of the participants. The tables
are organized according to the statutory age of consent as
of September 30, 1996âthe date âsexual abuse of a minorâ
was added to the INA.
14 Years
Haw. Rev. Stat.
Hawaii
§707â730(1)(b) (1993)
15 Years
Colo. Rev. Stat.
Colorado
§18â3â403(1)(e) (1997)
S. C. Code Ann.
South Carolina
§16â3â655(2) (1985)
16 Years
Ala. Code §§13Aâ6â62(a)(1),
Alabama
13Aâ6â70(c)(1) (1994)
Alaska Stat.
Alaska
§11.41.436(a)(1) (1996)
Ark. Code Ann. §§5â14â
Arkansas
106(a), 5â14â107(a) (1997)
Conn. Gen. Stat. §53aâ
Connecticut
71(a)(1) (1995)
Del. Code Ann., Tit. 11,
Delaware
§773(2) (1995)
14 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion
Appendix of the of
to opinion Court
the Court
D. C. Code §§22â4101(3),
District of Columbia
22â4108 (1996)
Ga. Code Ann. §16â6â3(a)
Georgia
(1996)
Indiana 1998 Ind. Acts §8, p. 774
Iowa Code §709.4(2) (1987),
Iowa as amended by 1994 Iowa
Acts p. 290
Kan. Stat. Ann. §21â
Kansas
3504(a)(1) (1995)
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann.
Kentucky §§510.020(3)(a),
510.060(1)(b) (Lexis 1990)
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann., Tit.
17âA, §254(1) (1983), as
Maine
amended by 1995 Me. Laws
p. 123
Md. Ann. Code, Art. 27,
Maryland §§464B(a)(4), (5),
464C(a)(2), (3) (1996)
Mass. Gen. Laws, ch. 265,
Massachusetts
§23 (1992)
Mich. Comp. Laws
§750.520d(1)(a) (1991), as
Michigan
amended by 1996 Mich.
Pub. Acts p. 393
Minn. Stat. §609.344.1(b)
Minnesota
(1996)
Mont. Code Ann. §§45â5â
Montana 501(1)(b)(iii), 45â5â
503(3)(a) (1995)
Neb. Rev. Stat. §28â319(1)
Nebraska
(1994 Cum. Supp.)
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 15
Opinion
Appendix of the of
to opinion Court
the Court
Nev. Rev. Stat.
Nevada §§200.364(3), 200.368
(1997)
N. H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §632â
New Hampshire
A:3(II) (1986)
N. J. Stat. Ann. §2C:14â
New Jersey
2(c)(5) (West 1995)
N. C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §14â
North Carolina
27.7A (1998 Cum. Supp.)
Ohio Rev. Code Ann.
Ohio
§2907.04(A) (Lexis 1996)
Okla. Stat., Tit. 21,
§1111(A)(1) (1983), as
Oklahoma
amended by 1995 Okla.
Sess. Laws ch. 22, §1, p. 119
18 Pa. Cons. Stat. §3122.1,
Pennsylvania added by 1995 Pa. Laws
985, §5, p. 987
R. I. Gen. Laws §11â37â6
Rhode Island
(1994)
S. D. Codified Laws §22â
South Dakota
22â1(5) (1998)
Utah 1983 Utah Laws ch. 88, §16
Vt. Stat. Ann., Tit. 13,
Vermont
§3252(a)(3) (1998)
Wash. Rev. Code
Washington
§9A.44.079 (1994)
W. Va. Code Ann. §§61â8Bâ
West Virginia 2(c)(1), 61â8Bâ5(a)(2) (Lexis
1997)
Wyo. Stat. Ann. §6â2â
Wyoming
304(a)(i) (1997)
16 ESQUIVEL-QUINTANA v. SESSIONS
Opinion
Appendix of the of
to opinion Court
the Court
17 Years
Ill. Comp. Stat., ch. 720,
Illinois §§5/12â15(b)â(c), 5/12â16(d)
(West 1996)
La. Rev. Stat. Ann.
§14:80(A)(1) (West 1986), as
Louisiana
amended by 1995 La. Acts
no. 241, p. 670
Mo. Rev. Stat. §566.034
Missouri
(1994)
N. M. Stat. Ann. §30â9â
New Mexico 11(F), as amended by 1995
N. M. Laws ch. 159, p. 1414
N. Y. Penal Law Ann.
New York §§130.05(3)(a), 130.20(1),
130.25(2) (West 1998)
Tex. Penal Code Ann.
Texas §§22.011(a)(2), (c)(1) (West
1994)
18 Years
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §13â
Arizona
1405(A) (1989)
Cal. Penal Code Ann.
California
§261.5(a) (West Supp. 1998)
Florida Fla. Stat. §794.05(1) (1991)
Idaho Code Ann.
Idaho
§18â6101(1) (Supp. 1996)
Miss. Code Ann. §97â3â67
Mississippi
(Supp. 1993)
Cite as: 581 U. S. ____ (2017) 17
Opinion
Appendix of the of
to opinion Court
the Court
N. D. Cent. Code Ann.
North Dakota §12.1â20â05 (Supp. 1983);
§14â10â01 (1997)
Ore. Rev. Stat.
Oregon §§163.315(1), 163.435(1),
163.445(1) (1997)
Tenn. Code Ann.
Tennessee
§39â13â506(a) (Supp. 1996)
Va. Code Ann. §18.2â371
Virginia
(1996)
Wis. Stat. §§948.01(1),
Wisconsin
948.09 (1993â1994)