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Full Opinion
2019 IL 124285
IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket No. 124285)
KIMBERLY ACCETTURA et al., Appellants, v. VACATIONLAND, INC., Appellee.
Opinion filed September 19, 2019.
JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Burke, Theis, and
Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiffs Kimberly Accettura and Adam Wozniak purchased a recreational
vehicle (RV) from defendant Vacationland, Inc. When it leaked during a rainstorm,
they brought it in for repair. When it leaked again, they brought it back. A little
more than two weeks after they dropped it off the second time and without a
timetable for when the vehicle would be repaired, they told the seller that they no
longer wanted the RV and asked for their money back. At issue is whether plaintiffs
properly revoked their acceptance without permitting defendant a reasonable
opportunity to cure the defect.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 On April 19, 2014, plaintiffs purchased a new 2014 Palomino trailer from
defendant for $26,000.25. They took possession of the RV on April 25. That June,
they discovered water leaking into the RV from the emergency exit window. They
brought the RV back to defendant for repair, which defendant performed without
charge.
¶4 In July 2014, plaintiffs took the RV to Michigan. During a rainstorm, the RV
leaked extensively into the dinette area, damaging the walls and causing electrical
failure. Plaintiffs towed the RV back to defendant for repair on July 14. Defendant
was unable to repair the defect itself, so one of its employees told plaintiffs that it
would have to send the RV to the manufacturer for repair. Defendantâs employees
could not estimate how long the manufacturer would take to repair the RV.
Plaintiffs state that they called the manufacturer, which also would not give them a
time estimate and referred them to defendant. On August 2, before the manufacturer
picked up the RV, plaintiffs called defendant and verbally revoked acceptance of
the RV. The manufacturer picked the RV up on or around August 4 and returned it
on or around September 23. Defendant called plaintiffs on September 23 to inform
them that the RV was repaired and that they could pick it up. Plaintiffsâ attorney
sent defendant a letter on September 28 confirming the earlier revocation of
acceptance of the RV.
¶5 On October 29, 2014, plaintiffs filed a complaint in the circuit court of Kane
County, seeking return of their purchase price and other damages under four
theories of recovery: revocation of acceptance under the Magnuson-Moss
Warranty-Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act (Magnuson-Moss Act) (15
U.S.C. § 2310(d) (2012)); breach of implied warranty of merchantability under the
Magnuson-Moss Act (id.); revocation of acceptance and cancellation of contract
under Illinoisâs adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (810 ILCS 5/2-
608(1)(b), 2-711(1) (West 2014)); and return of purchase price under section 2-
711(1) of the UCC (id.). Defendant moved for summary judgment pursuant to
section 2-1005 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (West 2016)),
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arguing that plaintiffsâ failure to give it a reasonable opportunity to cure was fatal
to their claims. The circuit court granted summary judgment to defendant on all
four counts, finding that the record clearly showed that plaintiffs revoked
acceptance on or before August 2, 2014, and did not give defendant a reasonable
time to cure. The appellate court affirmed. On appeal to this court, plaintiffs only
seek review of the revocation of acceptance claim under the UCC (810 ILCS 5/2-
608(1)(b) (West 2014)). We allowed the National Association of Consumer
Advocates and Consumers for Auto Reliability and Safety to jointly file an amicus
brief. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).
¶6 ANALYSIS
¶7 Although plaintiffs alleged several counts against defendant, the only issue on
appeal to this court is whether plaintiffs could revoke acceptance of the RV under
Illinoisâs adoption of the UCC (810 ILCS 5/1-101 et seq. (West 2014)). The statute
at issue, adopted verbatim from the UCC, states:
â(1) The buyer may revoke his acceptance of a lot or commercial unit whose
non-conformity substantially impairs its value to him if he has accepted it
(a) on the reasonable assumption that its non-conformity would be cured
and it has not been seasonably cured; or
(b) without discovery of such non-conformity if his acceptance was
reasonably induced either by the difficulty of discovery before acceptance
or the sellerâs assurances.â 810 ILCS 5/2-608(1) (West 2014).
See U.C.C. § 2-608(1) (Am. Law Inst. & Unif. Law Commân 1952).
¶8 On appeal to this court, defendant does not dispute that the defect, without
repair, substantially impaired the RVâs value to plaintiffs. Plaintiffsâ expert opined
that the defective unit was worth a mere 10% of its purchase price. The record does
not show that defendant rebutted this opinion. Rather, defendant relied on its
argument that plaintiffs must have given it an opportunity to seasonably cure, which
would have remedied any impairment of value.
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¶9 Defendant likewise does not dispute that plaintiffs were unaware of the defect
in the RV at the time they accepted it. Thus, subsection (1)(a) cannot apply, for that
subsection, by its plain language, contemplates a buyer who accepted a good she
knew to be nonconforming âon the reasonable assumption that its non-conformity
would be cured.â Id. § 2-608(1)(a). Thus, if plaintiffs can revoke their acceptance,
they can do so because they accepted the RV âwithout discovery of such non-
conformityâ and their âacceptance was reasonably induced either by the difficulty
of discovery before acceptance or the sellerâs assurances.â Id. § 2-608(1)(b).
¶ 10 Plaintiffs brought the RV to defendant for repair on July 14. Before defendant
sent the RV to the manufacturer, one of its employees gave plaintiffs what plaintiffs
described as a âvery vague and extendedâ timeline. Plaintiffs state that they then
called the manufacturer, who referred them back to defendant. Upset with
defendantâs and the manufacturerâs inability to give them a timeline for repair,
plaintiffs thereafter called defendant to revoke their acceptance of the RV.
Defendant argues that plaintiffs were required to give it a reasonable time to cure
before they could revoke acceptance.
¶ 11 Interpretation of subsection (1)(b) is an issue of first impression in Illinois. The
standard of review for questions of statutory interpretation is de novo. Taylor v.
Pekin Insurance Co., 231 Ill. 2d 390, 395 (2008). The primary objective of our
analysis is to ascertain and give effect to the legislative intent. Illinois Graphics Co.
v. Nickum, 159 Ill. 2d 469, 479 (1994). The most reliable indicator of the
legislatureâs intent is the statutory language itself, given its plain and ordinary
meaning. Id. âIt is a basic rule of statutory construction that the words of a statute
should be given their plain, ordinary[,] and accepted meaning, unless to do so would
defeat the legislative intent.â Peoria Savings & Loan Assân v. Jefferson Trust &
Savings Bank of Peoria, 81 Ill. 2d 461, 468 (1980). We do not depart from the plain
language of the statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that
conflict with the expressed intent. Blum v. Koster, 235 Ill. 2d 21, 29 (2009).
¶ 12 Plaintiffs argue that the statutory language is plain: subsection (1)(a)
contemplates and expressly mentions a cure; subsection (1)(b) does not. Under
subsection (1)(a), they argue, the cure is part of the contract while under subsection
(1)(b) it is not. They illustrate their argument with an analogy: subsection (1)(a)
would apply to a buyer who purchased an RV that she knew leaked and included in
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the sales contract an agreement that the seller would seasonably cure the leak.
Subsection (1)(b), they assert, contemplates a buyer who purchases an RV that she
reasonably believes does not leak but, she later finds out, does leak. Under
plaintiffsâ theory, the buyer who knows of the leak and has an agreement with the
seller to cure must give the seller a reasonable time to do so, but the buyer who is
not aware of the leak can just return the RV to the seller and revoke acceptance, as
long as the leak substantially impairs the RVâs value. Plaintiffs argue that a majority
of other jurisdictions have reached this conclusion.
¶ 13 We agree with this interpretation. The plain language of the statute evinces the
General Assemblyâs intention to allow a buyer to revoke acceptance of a
substantially impaired commercial unit under two separate and distinct
circumstances. The first circumstance is when the buyer knows of the
nonconformity, the buyer accepts the nonconforming unit with a reasonable
assumption that the nonconformity will be cured, and the seller fails to seasonably
cure it. 810 ILCS 5/2-608(1)(a) (West 2014). The second is when the buyer accepts
the nonconforming unit without knowledge of the nonconformity and either the
nonconformity was difficult to discover or the seller assured her that the unit
conformed to the specifications. Id. § 2-608(1)(b).
¶ 14 Both situations contemplate a nonconformity that substantially impairs the
unitâs value to the buyer. Where they diverge is in the buyerâs expectation. The first
contemplates a buyer who accepts a nonconforming unit and expects the seller to
cure the nonconformity. When she does not get that cure seasonably, she can revoke
her acceptance. The second contemplates a buyer who accepts what she believes to
be a conforming unit. When she does not get that conforming unit, she can revoke
her acceptance. Because we find this language plain and because subsection (1)(b)
does not require that a buyer give the seller an opportunity to cure, we need not
consider the requirements of other statutes that defendant argues are analogous.
¶ 15 Defendant first argues that Illinois âcourts will resort to revocation of
acceptance only after attempts at adjustment have failed.â Belfour v. Schaumburg
Auto, 306 Ill. App. 3d 234, 242 (1999). The appellate court below relied on Belfour
in finding that subsection (1)(b) requires that the buyer give the seller an
opportunity to cure. 2018 IL App (2d) 170972, ¶ 40.
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¶ 16 In Belfour, the plaintiffs bought a car that later caught on fire as one of the
plaintiffs drove it. 306 Ill. App. 3d at 236. The defendants did not dispute that this
was due to a defect in the car. See id. at 236-39. The opinion does not discuss
whether the plaintiffs purchased the vehicle with knowledge of a nonconformity
that they reasonably assumed the defendants would fix. The opinion cites only
subsection (1)(a) and analyzes only that subsection. Id. at 241-42. Subsection (1)(b)
was not at issue. As we are considering a revocation of acceptance under subsection
(1)(b), we find Belfour distinguishable.
¶ 17 Defendant argues that this case involves more than statutory interpretation of
subsection (1)(b). Defendant claims that it offered and plaintiffs accepted repair as
their remedy for the defect before plaintiffs revoked acceptance. Because they
elected that remedy, defendant asserts, they were obligated to allow defendant a
reasonable time to complete the repair.
¶ 18 Although a situation could arise in which a buyer acts unreasonably in revoking
acceptance of a good after requesting that the seller cure a nonconformity, this is
not such a situation. Nothing in the record indicates that plaintiffs agreed to an
open-ended repair timeline. The fact that they considered allowing defendant to
cure does not obligate them to accept an unreasonable cure. Further, it does not
obviate their right to revoke under subsection 2-608(1)(b) (810 ILCS 5/2-608(1)(b)
(West 2014)).
¶ 19 Defendant further argues that the cases plaintiffs cite do not comprise a majority
of foreign jurisdictions. Rather, it contends, a split of authority exists. It argues that
many jurisdictions, and âprobably a majority of the commentators,â find that the
seller has a right to cure when a buyer attempts to revoke acceptance under
subsection (1)(b).
¶ 20 Because we find the language plain, we need not look to our sister statesâ
interpretations of this provision. Even if we review those decisions, however, our
research indicates that, although a split of authority exists, a majority of other
jurisdictions have interpreted their stateâs adoption of the statutory provision
consistent with our decision today. See, e.g., Head v. Phillips Camper Sales &
Rental, Inc., 593 N.W.2d 595, 600 (Mich. Ct. App. 1999) (âA majority of courts
considering this question have concluded that a seller has no right to cure after a
buyer revokes his acceptance under § 2-608(1)(b) of the UCC.â); Bowen v. Foust,
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925 S.W.2d 211, 215 n.6 (Mo. Ct. App. 1996) (â[T]he rule that a seller has no right
to cure when a buyer justifiably revokes his acceptance remains the majority view.â
(citing Unif. Commercial Code § 4 U.L.A. 63 (1995))); Gappelberg v. Landrum,
666 S.W.2d 88, 90 (Tex. 1984) (âThe only reference to cure in [section 2-608] is in
situations when the buyer knew of the defects at the time of acceptance of the
goods.â); Johannsen v. Minnesota Valley Ford Tractor Co., 304 N.W.2d 654, 657
(Minn. 1981) (â[T]he seller has no right to cure defects which substantially impair
the goodâs value.â); Werner v. Montana, 378 A.2d 1130, 1136-37 (N.H. 1977) (âIn
the context of revocation, [section 2-608(1)(a)] speaks to the sellerâs opportunity to
seasonably cure a defect,â as distinguished from subsection (1)(b).).
¶ 21 Notably, although it appears that the courts in some of our sister states would
rule to the contrary, we did not find a case in which a court expressly interpreted
the statutory language and found that subsection (1)(b) required that the buyer give
the seller an opportunity to cure. Rather, the decisions that run contra to ours seem
to base their decision on policy grounds (see, e.g., Conte v. Dwan Lincoln-Mercury,
Inc., 374 A.2d 144, 149 (Conn. 1976) (â âOne policy of the Code is to encourage
the parties to work out their differences and so to minimize losses resulting from
defective performance.â â (quoting White & Summers, Uniform Commercial Code
§ 8-2 n.15))) or gloss over interpretation (see, e.g., Cuesta v. Classic Wheels, Inc.,
818 A.2d 448, 451 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2003) (citing section 12A:2-508 of
the New Jersey Statutes Annotated (N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:2-508 (West 2002)) but
not further elaborating); Rester v. Morrow, 491 So. 2d 204, 210 (Miss. 1986)
(â[T]he seller has a right to attempt cure.â (citing section 75-2-508 of the
Mississippi Code Annotated (Miss. Code Ann. § 75-2-508 (1972)) but not further
elaborating)); Waddell v. L.V.R.V. Inc., 125 P.3d 1160, 1165 n.12 (Nev. 2006)
(citing Rester, 491 So. 2d at 210, without explanation or elaboration)).
¶ 22 Defendant next argues that when the language of the UCC is ambiguous, which
it argues the statute here is, we may consider the committee comments. As we find
the language unambiguous, we need not consider them. Even if we did, however,
they do not support defendantâs position. Defendant cites comment 4 of section 2-
608, which states that revocation âwill be generally resorted to only after attempts
at adjustments have failed,â and comment 5, which discusses âconsiderations of
good faith, prevention of surprise, and reasonable adjustment.â 810 ILCS Ann. 5/2-
608, Uniform Commercial Code Comment, at 482 (Smith-Hurd 1993). These
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comments both discuss the notice that a revoking buyer must give the seller. As the
comment states, a court should consider that most buyers will usually seek a cure
before revoking in determining whether the notice of revocation was timely. In
determining whether the notice of revocation sufficiently notifies the seller of the
nonconformity, the court should consider what information the seller has as a result
of the buyer previously seeking a cure. Such consideration, however, is irrelevant
to whether the buyer must seek a cure before revoking.
¶ 23 Finally, defendant argues that section 2-608(3), which states that â[a] buyer who
so revokes has the same rights and duties with regard to the goods involved as if he
had rejected themâ (810 ILCS 5/2-608(3) (West 2014)), invokes section 2-508 (id.
§ 2-508). Some of our sister jurisdictions agree. See, e.g., Cuesta, 818 A.2d at 451
(citing N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:2-508 (West 2002)); Rester, 491 So. 2d at 210 (citing
Miss. Code Ann. § 75-2-508 (West 1972)); Conte, 374 A.2d at 149 (citing Conn.
Gen. Stat. Ann. § 42a-2-508 (West 1975)). Section 2-508 allows a seller to cure a
rejected nonconforming delivery if âthe time for performance has not yet expiredâ
or if âthe seller had reasonable grounds to believe [the nonconforming tender]
would be acceptable.â 810 ILCS 5/2-508 (West 2014).
¶ 24 We disagree. Rather, we agree with the Michigan appellate courtâs analysis of
this argument. See Head, 593 N.W.2d at 600-01 (interpreting UCC section 2-608,
discussing the differences between rejection and revocation of acceptance, and
finding that subsection (3) does not incorporate UCC section 2-508). Defendantâs
argument ignores the distinction between rejection and revocation of acceptance.
A buyer may reject goods if they âfail in any respect to conform to the contract.â
810 ILCS 5/2-601 (West 2014). Once the buyer accepts the goods, however, he
may only revoke that acceptance if the ânon-conformity substantially impairs its
value to him.â Id. § 2-608(1). When a buyer rejects nonconforming goods, the seller
may have a right to cure. Id. § 2-508. In the case of a revocation, however, as aptly
stated by the Head court, â[t]he seller, in turn, loses the right to cure, but gains the
benefit of the higher substantial impairment standard for revocation.â 593 N.W.2d
at 601. We further agree that the ârights and dutiesâ referred to in section 2-608(3)
(810 ILCS 5/2-608(3) (West 2014)) are found in sections 2-602, 2-603, and 2-604
(id. §§ 2-602, 2-603, 2-604), not section 2-508 (id. § 2-508). See Head, 593 N.W.2d
at 600.
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¶ 25 CONCLUSION
¶ 26 We hold that the plain language of subsection 2-608(1)(b) of the Illinois
Commercial Code does not require that the buyer give the seller an opportunity to
cure a substantial nonconformity before revoking acceptance. We reverse and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶ 27 Reversed and remanded.
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