City of Fort Myers General Employees' Pension Fund v. Haley

               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CITY OF FORT MYERS GENERAL                      §
EMPLOYEES’ PENSION FUND, and                    §
ALASKA LABORERS-EMPLOYERS                       §
RETIREMENT TRUST, on behalf of                  §
themselves and other similarly                  §      No. 368, 2019
situated former stockholders of                 §
TOWERS WATSON & CO.,                            §      Court Below:
                                                §      Court of Chancery
          Plaintiffs-Below,                     §      of the State of Delaware
          Appellants,                           §
                                                §      C.A. 2018-0132-KSJM
          v.                                    §
                                                §
JOHN J. HALEY, VALUEACT                         §
CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, L.P.,                       §
and JEFFREY UBBEN,                              §
                                                §
          Defendants-Below,                     §
          Appellees.                            §

                                    Submitted:      April 22, 2020
                                    Decided:        June 30, 2020

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, VAUGHN and TRAYNOR, Justices; and
DAVIS, Judge,* constituting the Court en Banc.

Upon appeal from the Court of Chancery. REVERSED and REMANDED.

Michael J. Barry, Esquire, Christine M. Mackintosh, Esquire, Grant & Eisenhofer P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware. Of Counsel: Lee D. Rudy, Esquire, Geoffrey C. Jarvis, Esquire,
J. Daniel Albert, Esquire, Stacey A. Greenspan, Esquire, Kessler Topaz Meltzer & Check,
LLP, Radnor, Pennsylvania, for Appellants.

Raymond J. DiCamillo, Esquire, Daniel E. Kaprow, Esquire, Richards, Layton & Finger,
P.A., Wilmington, Delaware. Of Counsel: Richard S. Horvath, Jr., Esquire, Gavin P.W.
Murphy, Esquire, Paul Hastings LLP, San Francisco, California for Appellees ValueAct
Capital Management, L.P. and Jeffrey Ubben.



*
    Sitting by designation pursuant to Del. Const. Art. IV § 12.
Bradley R. Aronstam, Esquire, Roger S. Stronach, Esquire, Ross Aronstam & Moritz LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware. Of Counsel: John A. Neuwirth, Esquire, Joshua S. Amsel,
Esquire, Matthew S. Connors, Esquire, Amanda K. Pooler, Esquire, Sean Moloney,
Esquire, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, New York, New York for Appellee John J. Haley.




VALIHURA, Justice, for the Majority:
      This appeal arises from the 2016 “merger of equals” between Towers Watson & Co.

(“Towers”) and Willis Group Holdings Public Limited Company (“Willis”). In June of

2015, the two publicly-traded firms executed a merger agreement with closing conditioned

on the approval of their respective stockholders.         Although Towers had stronger

performance and greater market capitalization, under the agreement’s terms, Willis

stockholders were to receive the majority (50.1 percent) of the post-merger company.

Towers stockholders were to receive a $4.87 per-share special dividend and would own the

remaining 49.9 percent of the combined company. Moreover, the consideration per share

of Towers stock was below the unaffected trading price.

      Upon the merger’s public announcement, several segments of the investment

community criticized the transaction as a bad deal for Towers and a windfall for Willis.

Towers’ stock price declined and Willis’s rose in reaction to the news. Proxy advisory

firms recommended that the Towers stockholders vote against the merger, and one activist

stockholder began questioning whether Towers’ management’s incentives were aligned

with stockholder interests. The parties questioned whether Towers would be able to obtain

stockholder approval.

      Also after announcing the merger, ValueAct Capital Management, L.P.

(“ValueAct”), an institutional stockholder of Willis, through its Chief Investment Officer,

Jeffrey Ubben, presented to John J. Haley, the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and

Chairman of Towers who was spearheading the merger negotiations, a compensation

proposal with the post-merger company that would potentially provide Haley with a five-

fold increase in compensation. Haley did not disclose this proposal to the Towers Board.


                                            1
         In light of the uncertainty of stockholder approval, Haley renegotiated the

transaction terms to increase the special dividend to $10 per share. Towers eventually

obtained stockholder approval of the renegotiated merger. The transaction closed in

January 2016, and the companies merged to form Willis Towers Watson Public Limited

Company (“Willis Towers”). Haley became the CEO of Willis Towers and was granted

an executive compensation package with a long-term equity opportunity similar to

ValueAct’s proposal.

         The merger spawned several lawsuits across different jurisdictions. The matter

before us arose from separate stockholder actions that were filed in early 2018 and then

consolidated in April 2018.        In this matter, Towers stockholders alleged that Haley

breached his duty of loyalty by negotiating the merger on behalf of Towers while failing

to disclose to the Towers Board the compensation proposal that, according to the plaintiffs,

“would increase his long-term equity incentive compensation from the approximately $24

million maximum equity compensation that he could have earned in his last three years as

Towers’ CEO to upwards of $140 million in his first three years as Willis Towers’ CEO.”1

Plaintiffs alleged that this proposal misaligned Haley’s incentives at a critical juncture in

the negotiations, and incentivized him to seek no more of a dividend than he believed

necessary to secure the Towers stockholders’ approval. Plaintiffs further alleged that

ValueAct and Ubben aided and abetted the breaches of fiduciary duty.




1
    App. to Opening Br. at A52 (Compl. ¶ 10).


                                                2
         The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on November 16, 2018. The Court

of Chancery dismissed the claims, holding that the business judgment rule applied because

“a reasonable board member would not have regarded the proposal as significant when

evaluating the proposed transaction,” and further holding that plaintiffs had failed to plead

a non-exculpated bad faith claim against the Towers directors. In view of its dismissal of

the predicate breach of fiduciary duty claim, the court dismissed the aiding and abetting

claim.

         On appeal, plaintiffs contend that the Court of Chancery erred in holding that the

executive compensation proposal was not material to the Towers Board. They argue

further that because the predicate breach of fiduciary duty is adequately pleaded, the aiding

and abetting claim survives as well. We hold that the Court of Chancery erred in granting

the defendants’ motion to dismiss the claim that Haley breached his fiduciary duty by

failing to disclose material information to the Board. For the reasons more fully explained

below, we REVERSE the decision below, and REMAND for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                         I.     Factual and Procedural Background

         We take the facts, for the most part, from the Verified First Amended Class Action

Complaint (“Complaint”), and the Court of Chancery’s recitation of the facts in its opinion

(the “Opinion”),2 which in turn, was drawn from the Complaint and documents

incorporated into the Complaint.


2
  In re Towers Watson & Co. S’holders Litig., 2019 WL 3334521 (Del. Ch. July 25, 2019)
[hereinafter Opinion].


                                              3
         A. The Parties and Relevant Non-Parties

         Non-party Towers, a Delaware corporation, was a publicly traded professional

services firm focused on helping organizations improve performance through risk

management, human resources, and actuarial and investment consulting. 3 Prior to the

merger, the Towers Board of Directors consisted of Haley, Victor F. Ganzi, Leslie S. Heisz,

Brendan R. O’Neill, Linda D. Rabbitt, Gilbert T. Ray, Paul Thomas, and Wilhem Zeller.

Haley served as the Chairman and CEO of Towers.

         Non-party Willis was a publicly traded corporation chartered in Ireland and was in

the global advisory, brokering, and solutions business. Dominic Casserley was the CEO

of Willis, and James McCann served as Chairman of the Willis Board.

         ValueAct, a Delaware limited partnership, managed over $15 billion on behalf of

large institutional investors. Immediately preceding the merger, ValueAct was the second-

largest stockholder of Willis, beneficially owning approximately 10.3 percent of Willis’s

outstanding shares. Ubben was the co-founder and Chief Investment Officer of ValueAct

and a member of its Management Committee. Ubben served on Willis’s Board of Directors

from 2013 until the merger closed, and then subsequently served on the Willis Towers

Board of Directors until November 17, 2017. During his tenure on the Willis Towers

Board, Ubben served on the Compensation Committee.

         We refer to the directors of Towers’ Board, ValueAct, and Ubben collectively as

the “Defendants,” and Haley, ValueAct, and Ubben together as the “Appellees.”



3
    App. to Opening Br. at A57 (Compl. ¶ 22).


                                                4
       City of Fort Myers General Employees’ Pension Fund and Alaska Laborers-

Employers Retirement Trust were Towers stockholders. We refer to them as “Plaintiffs.”

       B. ValueAct’s Investment in Willis

       ValueAct had held over five percent of Willis’s equity since 2010, and held over ten

percent of the outstanding ordinary shares by late 2014.        ValueAct typically holds

investments for three to five years, and its investment in Willis was approaching the end

of its typical investment horizon.

       Following the 2008 economic crisis, Willis posted flat earnings between 2008 and

2013, and experienced operating margin contraction between 2010 and 2013. Willis was

also highly leveraged. In an effort to jumpstart the company, Willis replaced its CEO with

Casserley in 2013, and in April 2014, announced a four-year restructuring plan. Ubben,

attempting to salvage ValueAct’s investment, reached out to Willis to consider strategic

alternatives. Among these were a break-up of Willis (which management was reluctant to

implement), or a business combination with Towers, which had a robust financial history

and outlook that could benefit Willis.

       C. The Negotiations and Merger Agreement

       Willis, at Ubben’s recommendation, began a review of strategic alternatives in late

2014. On January 26, 2015, Casserley met with Haley in London and raised the possibility

of a business combination between Willis and Towers. The two agreed to discuss the

possibility further, including with the members of their respective management teams, and

agreed on a preliminary scope of work to further explore the possibility. On February 18,




                                            5
2015, the two followed up on their discussion, refined the preliminary scope of work, and

planned to meet to review their work on April 10.

         On March 2, 2015, Haley exercised 106,933 Towers stock options (that had vested

five years earlier) and sold the shares, which represented 55 percent of his stake in Towers.

In a related appraisal action, Haley testified that he knew Towers’ stock price could drop

upon the announcement of a merger with Willis.

         From January through April 2015, Haley and certain members of Towers

management discussed the potential transaction with Willis.          Of the Towers Board

members, Haley kept only director Rabbitt apprised of the discussions during this time.

On March 29, 2015, at Haley’s allegedly unilateral direction, Towers entered into a

nondisclosure agreement with Willis. On May 1, 2015, Haley and Casserley agreed that

the companies would engage financial advisors, and on May 3, 2015, Haley hired Merrill

Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. (“Merrill Lynch”) to serve Towers in that role.

         On April 24, 2015, the ratings company Moody’s downgraded the investment

ratings outlook for Willis’s unsecured debt from “stable” to “negative.” This downgrade

put Willis at risk of triggering certain provisions in its debt instruments. Willis needed to

bring its leverage down. One strategy Moody’s identified was to “recogniz[e] EBITDA

from acquisitions.”4 On April 28, 2015, Willis announced that it had missed the estimated

earnings per share by eight percent. Willis also reported an operating margin decrease of




4
    Id. at A64 (Compl. ¶ 48).


                                             6
26.9 percent, or 280 basis points year-over-year. By contrast, on May 5, 2015, Towers

reported positive earnings.

         On May 4, 2015, Haley convened the Towers Board, allegedly for the first time, to

discuss the potential merger with Willis. The Board then formed a special committee

consisting of directors Rabbitt, Ganzi, O’Neill, and Thomas.

         Haley spoke separately with Casserley and Willis’s Chairman, James McCann, on

May 11, 2015 to discuss the terms of the potential transaction. Haley originally proposed

that Towers own the larger proportion of the post-merger company based on Towers’

greater market capitalization. Willis, however, proposed the ownership should be based

on certain financial metrics, which would result in Willis’s stockholders owning the

majority of the combined entity.

         On May 14, 2015, Rabbitt contacted McCann to propose that Haley serve as CEO

of the post-merger entity. The Towers Board convened on May 15, 2015 to discuss the

transaction. Haley was excused from the discussions. The Board then decided to disband

the special committee, concluding that the full Board could work just as efficiently, and

“effectively left the task of negotiating the Merger to the now-conflicted Haley.”5 On May

19, 2015, McCann told Rabbitt that Willis agreed to make Haley CEO of the combined

company.

         On May 29, 2015, Haley and Casserley further discussed the terms of transaction,

and according to Plaintiffs, Haley ceased pushing for Towers stockholders to own a



5
    Id. at A67 (Compl. ¶ 53).


                                             7
majority of the combined company. Haley raised the possibility of a pre-merger special

dividend to Towers stockholders, to “bridge portions of the differences in pro forma

ownership.”6 They also discussed the Board composition of the post-merger company.

Haley had reason to believe that Ubben would become a director of the new entity and

perhaps even a member of its compensation committee. On June 1, 2015, Haley and Ganzi

proposed an exchange ratio based on the 60-day volume weighted average price

(“VWAP”) of the shares that would result in Willis’s stockholders owning approximately

51 percent of the combined company and Towers’ stockholders owning the remaining 49

percent. Willis would also pay a $500 million dividend to Towers’ stockholders.

         ValueAct, which had been apprised of the negotiations and was in contact with

Willis’s financial advisor, Perella Weinberg Partners LP, expressed dissatisfaction with

Towers’ offer and the progress of negotiations. By email, Ubben demanded that Willis

press Towers harder and “use ValueAct in this negotiation” by telling Towers that (1)

ValueAct would not approve the merger without a reasonable premium; (2) there was no

merger without ValueAct’s support; and (3) ValueAct must meet Haley. Ubben threatened

to break up and sell Willis if ValueAct’s demands were not met.

         On June 5, 2015, Casserley proposed a revised structure that did not include a pre-

merger special dividend to the Towers stockholders, and that would result in Willis’s

stockholders owning approximately 50.1 percent and Towers stockholders owning

approximately 49.9 percent of the combined entity. Two days later, ValueAct had a change



6
    Id. at A70 (Compl. ¶ 60).


                                              8
of heart and emailed Perella to “hit the bid” (i.e., accept the 60-day VWAP as the basis for

the exchange ratio, and the $500 million special dividend). But before Casserley could

convey that to Towers, Haley and Ganzi counter-offered with a $4.87 per-share special

dividend (a $337 million dividend) and the agreed-upon exchange ratio as of June 5.

       Casserley and Haley met in London on June 10 and agreed to merge on the terms

proposed by Towers on June 7. Haley allegedly reached the agreement without the

approval of the full Board, without Merrill Lynch’s assistance, without considering

standard valuation materials, and without considering the value for any synergies.

       The Towers Board convened on June 14 to discuss the agreement-in-principle Haley

had reached with Willis four days earlier.       Meanwhile, Haley and members of his

management team met with ValueAct on multiple occasions beginning in June 2015. The

Board convened again on June 20 to listen to Merrill Lynch’s valuation analysis

presentation. Thereafter, Haley was excused from this meeting, and the Board continued

to discuss the transaction.

       On June 29, 2015, the Towers Board once again convened and was advised by

Merrill Lynch that the transaction was financially fair to the Towers’ stockholders, even

though the merger consideration valued each share of Towers stock at $125.13, a nine

percent discount to Towers’ unaffected trading price. Unlike prior meetings, Haley was

not excused from this meeting, and he participated in the discussions and voted on the

transaction, which was unanimously approved. The finalized merger agreement was

conditioned on stockholder approval, and called for mutual termination fees not to exceed

$45 million in the event a majority of the stockholders of either entity failed approve the


                                             9
transaction. Haley would serve as the CEO and a director on the Board of the post-merger

entity, and each company was to designate six directors to the twelve-member Board.

Concurrent with the parties’ execution of the merger agreement, ValueAct executed a

voting agreement with Towers, agreeing to vote its Willis shares in favor of the merger.

         D. The Negative Reaction, the Proposal, and Post-Signing Renegotiations

         The merger was announced on June 30, 2015. At the end of the trading day, Towers

stock price dropped nearly nine percent to $125.80. Deutsche Bank noted in an analyst

report entitled, “Thesis shifts from HC exchanges to Willis turnaround; downgrade to

Hold,” that “[t]he feedback we are getting so far is that [the Towers] investors are

somewhat taken aback. We think if they do come around to the deal, it will take time.”7

Analysts also pointed out that it was a bad deal for Towers, noting the merger consideration

represented a nine percent discount on share price. One Barclays analyst noted that Willis

appeared to be extracting more value from the transaction than Towers. Analysts also

lowered the price target for Towers shares. Articles and reports indicated that Towers

stockholders were similarly disappointed by the merger terms.

         By contrast, the trading price for Willis stock increased from $45.40 to $46.90, a

3.3 percent increase from the pre-merger trading price. Analysts increased their price

targets, and Deutsche Bank published a research note entitled, “Towers Watson




7
    Id. at A76 (Compl. ¶ 75).


                                             10
Combination Good for [Willis] Shareholders.”8 Moody’s also upgraded Willis’s rating

outlook to “stable” by virtue of the merger news.

          Despite the sentiment on deal terms, the market apparently placed weight on Haley’s

involvement. One analyst noted that, although the merger appeared to be unfair to the

Towers stockholders, Haley has a “tremendous track record” for complicated acquisitions

and the management team “has certainly earned some trust in terms of how it deals with

integration.”9 Deutsche Bank analysts also noted, “we trust CEO John Haley due to his

track record of great deals . . . .”10 The investment bank Stifel echoed the sentiment and

noted that “investors might be won over” given Haley’s track record. 11

          Willis reported its quarterly financial results on July 29, 2015. It had missed targets

for quarterly organic growth, net income, and EBITDA. Towers, on the other hand,

announced on August 11, 2015 that it had remarkable results for the quarter and the year,

beating street expectations.

          On September 2015, ValueAct reached out to Haley and presented him with a three-

page document entitled, “Towers Watson Compensation Review September 2015.”12 The

document, referred to by ValueAct personnel as an “executive compensation proposal,”

illustrated the value of Haley’s long-term equity incentive compensation over a three-year




8
    Id. at A77 (Compl. ¶ 78).
9
    Id. at A79–A80 (Compl. ¶ 87) (emphasis omitted).
10
     Id. at A80 (Compl. ¶ 88).
11
     Id. (Compl. ¶ 89).
12
     Id. (Compl. ¶ 91)


                                                11
period under three different scenarios: Haley’s then-current plan over his last three years

at Towers, worth approximately $24 million; Haley’s then-current plan approximately

doubled at the post-merger company to account for increased market capitalization (i.e.,

double that of Towers); and ValueAct’s proposed plan (the “Proposal”), which provided

Haley an opportunity allegedly worth more than $140 million. Haley testified in the related

appraisal action that he understood that under the Proposal, he could earn upwards of $165

million. The document also showed that ValueAct’s Proposal would provide Haley with

a long-term equity incentive compensation amount greater than that of the CEOs at two

peer companies, both of which had greater market capitalizations than the post-merger

entity.

          Ubben emailed Haley on September 14, 2015 to follow up, saying, “I hope it was

informative regarding how we work with our companies. We are excited about working

with you and the new board. I forgot to mention we have purchased $50M of stock in

[Towers] as an expression of this excitement.”13 ValueAct also suggested that it engage

directly with Gene Wickes, Towers’ Managing Director of Benefits, to further discuss

executive compensation.

          At the same time, Driehaus Capital Management LLC (“Driehaus”), a Towers

stockholder, commenced a public campaign against the merger. Underwhelmed with the

deal, it released a white paper on September 14, 2015 advocating that Towers stockholders

vote against the merger, noting that:



13
     Id. at A82–A83 (Compl. ¶ 93).


                                            12
           the Initial Merger Consideration was a 9% discount to Towers’
            Unaffected Trading Price;

           the Merger was a “takeunder” relative to the average U.S. M&A premium
            of 26.1%, as reported by Bloomberg;

           the trading price of Towers shares had dropped 15% since the Merger’s
            announcement;

           in the past five years, Towers had outperformed the S&P 500 Index by
            143%, while Willis had underperformed the S&P by 47%, and Towers
            had drastically underperformed the S&P 500 Index since agreeing to the
            Merger;

           Towers’ EPS grew more than 80% since 2011, while Willis’ EPS fell
            more than 22% during that same time period;

           Towers was worth between 39% and 53% more as a standalone company
            than by merging with Willis; and

           a key transaction issue was Willis’ high leverage.14

Driehaus filed the white paper with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)

on September 15, 2015, and the paper was published by The Wall Street Journal the next

day.

          Driehaus then filed an opposition letter with the SEC on October 8, 2015, stressing

that “[o]ver the last few weeks, other shareholders have reached out with a number of their

own concerns regarding the value destructive deal . . . we believe that the transaction will

be voted down by Towers’ shareholders.”15 It also noted that Haley was likely in line for




14
     Id. at A83–A84 (Compl. ¶ 95).
15
     Id. at A84 (Compl. ¶ 96).


                                              13
a pay raise and asked rhetorically whether “Towers management has skin in the game?

Are incentives aligned?”16

          On October 13, 2015, Towers and Willis issued the proxy statement soliciting votes

in favor of the merger, and setting the stockholder meetings for November 18, 2015.

Notably, the proxy statement did not mention the Proposal, any discussions about the

management’s post-merger compensation, or the extent of ValueAct’s role in the merger

process.

          On October 22, 2015, Driehaus filed another opposition letter with the SEC, noting

that the price of Towers stock had dropped 12.2 percent since the merger announcement.

          On October 26, 2015, after preparing with the help of ValueAct, Haley met with

Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”) to discuss the merger.

          Willis announced its third-quarter results on October 28, 2015. It had missed street

expectations for earnings per share. By contrast, Towers reported on November 2, 2015

that it had beat street expectations and its own guidance on revenue, EBITDA, and earnings

per share. In light of Towers’ financial results, Driehaus filed another opposition letter to

the merger with the SEC on November 2, 2015.

          On November 5, 2015, ISS issued a recommendation to stockholders to vote against

the merger. During his deposition in the appraisal action, Ryan Birtwell, a partner at

ValueAct, explained his surprise: “[I]t is challenging to get a ‘yes’ vote in a situation where




16
     Id. at A90 (Compl. ¶ 114) (internal quotations and formatting omitted).


                                                 14
ISS has recommended a vote against a deal.”17 Birtwell said to Ubben in an email, “This

is obviously awful news. I am completely stunned.”18 The same day, Glass Lewis

recommended that Towers stockholders vote against the merger and seek a better price.

          With stockholder approval in a precarious place, McCann contacted Perella

Weinberg to “make sure to get all of [ValueAct]’s thinking on the situation” following the

recommendations.19 ValueAct responded that it did not want Willis to revise its offer.20

Allegedly, ValueAct developed a series of strategies designed to generate positive market

sentiment for the deal. First, ValueAct had Willis issue a press release highlighting the

benefits of the merger to the Towers stockholders. ValueAct then instructed Willis to talk

to its legal team to look into whether Towers could change its bylaws so that non-votes

would not count as “no” votes. Next, ValueAct and Haley worked together to solicit

Towers’ largest stockholders, including The Vanguard Group and BlackRock, Inc., to vote

to approve the merger. Ubben emailed Vanguard and Blackrock directly, pleading that

they take a stand against ISS and Driehaus.



17
     Id. at A86 (Compl. ¶ 103) (internal formatting omitted).
18
   Id. Plaintiffs suggest that no one should have been “stunned.” They plead facts alleging that
the merger, after its announcement, received terrible reviews in late June and early July, 2015, id.
at A76–A77, A78 (Compl. ¶ 75–77, 80–81), that Towers was well aware of its investors’
dissatisfaction, and that Towers’ stockholder sentiment was strongly negative in September 2015.
Id. at A79 (Compl. ¶ 86). Also, Driehaus launched its public campaign against the merger on
September 14, 2015. Id. at A83–A84 (Compl. ¶ 95).
19
     Id. at A87 (Compl. ¶ 106).
20
    In a footnote in their Complaint, Plaintiffs mention that on November 10, 2015, Haley raised
the issue of the need to increase the special dividend to $10, but Willis management instructed him
to focus on soliciting Towers stockholders instead of renegotiating the merger consideration. Id.
at A87 (Compl. ¶ 107 n.2).


                                                  15
          On November 3, 2015, Towers publicly responded to Driehaus, filing an investor

presentation with the SEC, touting Towers’ existing compensation practices, and seeking

to “set the record straight.” It accused Driehaus of making demonstrably false statements

regarding compensation to support its allegations of a conflict of interest. It further asserted

that Towers’ executive compensation growth had been modest, and was far outpaced by

total shareholder return. It did not refer to ValueAct’s compensation proposal.

          On November 9, a Driehaus analyst, Matthew Schoenfeld, emailed Towers’ director

of investor relations, Aida Sukys, inquiring about Haley’s relationship with ValueAct:

          In light of recent events, we have a few questions regarding Mr. Haley’s
          relationship with ValueAct Capital. Specifically, shareholders are concerned
          that this relationship with [ValueAct] has impaired—and, more importantly,
          continues to impair—Mr. Haley’s ability to negotiate in good faith on behalf
          of Towers Watson shareholders.21

Schoenfeld then asked a series of questions regarding communications between Haley and

ValueAct that were not addressed in the proxy statement or the subsequent proxy update.

Sukys responded generally that after the announcement of the merger, there had been

“appropriate” discussions with ValueAct, and that the Board and management were acting

in the best interest of the company’s shareholders.

          Following those vague responses, two days later, Schoenfeld emailed Sukys

concerning a profanity-laced response he had received from Ubben.22 Sukys replied that



21
     Id. at A90–A91 (Compl. ¶ 116).
22
     According to the Complaint, Schoenfeld reported that:
          I received an email from [Towers’] lawyer this evening. Earlier today I was
          harassed by [Towers] folks. Yesterday, I was cursed out by Mr. Ubben (there were
          fifty f-bombs directed at me in a 20 minute conversation—namely, “you little piece

                                                 16
Towers was merely responding to Schoenfeld’s email inquiries into Haley’s and

ValueAct’s communications.

          In light of the uncertainty of stockholder approval, Haley and Ubben agreed to

increase the special dividend to $10.00 per share. According to Plaintiffs, “Haley viewed

the $10.00 special dividend not as the best deal he could get for Towers stockholders (to

whom he owed fiduciary duties) but, rather, as the minimum amount necessary to secure

the Stockholder Approval he needed to push the Merger through so he could secure the

massive compensation Proposal Ubben had promised him.”23 Plaintiffs allege further that

Haley did not attempt to renegotiate the exchange ratio with Ubben.

          The Towers Board convened on November 17 to discuss the transaction. This was

the first time the full Towers Board met in connection with the merger since June 29, 2015.

According to Plaintiffs’ Complaint, in the meeting, Haley did not disclose his post-closing

compensation discussions with ValueAct or ValueAct’s Proposal.24 Towers director Ray,

Chair of the Towers Board’s Compensation Committee, testified in the related appraisal

action that he would have wanted to know that Haley had been discussing his compensation




          of f-cking sh-t,” “shut the f-ck up,” “you dumb f-cking a-hole,” “go f-ck yourself”).
          It’s enough.
Id. at A92 (Compl. ¶ 120).
23
     Id. at A92–A93 (Compl. ¶ 121) (emphasis in original).
24
   Id at A93–A94 (Compl. ¶ 123). The Court of Chancery’s Opinion states that, “[a]ccording to
handwritten notes of the November 17, 2015 Towers board meeting, Haley recounted his
conversation with Ubben to the Towers board, and further told the board that the $10.00 amount
‘[d]idn’t trouble [Ubben].’” Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *6.


                                                   17
at the future company with Ubben and ValueAct, but did not receive such information, let

alone information as to the magnitude of the raise that Haley stood to receive.

       The next morning, Towers and Willis adjourned their respective stockholder

meetings. That day, only 43.45 percent of the then-submitted votes of Towers stockholders

were “for” the merger.

       Later that day, the Willis Board agreed to the special dividend, conditioned on

eliminating the termination fee for Willis, and increasing the termination fee for Towers to

$60 million. The Towers Board met that afternoon and unanimously approved the new

terms, subject to a final fairness opinion from Merrill Lynch. The opinion was given the

next day. Based on the revised terms, the merger consideration was now valued at $128.30

per Towers share, a seven percent discount to the unaffected trading price. Towers then

filed a press release with the SEC on Form 8-K announcing the amended merger

agreement.

       On November 19, 2015, Driehaus filed another letter with the SEC, stating that a

true merger of equals would dictate a special dividend of $17.72. Similarly, ISS stated that

the dividend should be at least $13.44, and even then, it would be historically the lowest

discount of any “merger of equals” transaction. Glass Lewis reported that the merger was

not structured in a manner that was fair or appropriately attractive for Towers stockholders.

Glass Lewis further advised that remaining as a standalone company would be more

attractive for the Towers stockholders. On the other hand, Glass Lewis said that it was a

good deal for Willis and the merger consideration was “both a prudent and frugal response




                                             18
by Willis to attempt to save the deal, in light of the significant value-creation opportunities

and the favorable structure for Willis shareholders.”25

         On November 27, 2015, Towers filed the proxy update, disclosing that Towers

executed an amendment to the voting agreement with ValueAct and confirming that the

voting agreement was still in effect. But according to Plaintiffs, the proxy update failed to

disclose Haley’s proposed compensation package or ValueAct’s role in the merger

negotiations.

         Towers convened a special stockholders meeting on December 11, 2015 to vote on

the merger, and 62 percent of the Towers stockholders voted in favor of it. Willis also held

a special meeting that day and received 95.5 percent votes in favor.

         On December 22, 2015, the Towers Board nominated Ganzi, O’Neill, Rabbitt,

Thomas, and Zeller to join Haley as Towers’ director designees to the Board of the new

company. Ubben was also designated as a Board member by Willis. The merger closed

on January 4, 2016 to form Willis Towers.

         E. Haley’s Executive Compensation Negotiations

         Post-closing, Ubben sat on Willis Towers’ Board and Compensation Committee,

and Wendy Lane chaired the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee

engaged compensation consultant Semler Brossy Consulting Group LLC (“SBCG”).




25
     App. to Opening Br. at A98 (Compl. ¶ 132).


                                                  19
          On December 20, 2015, days after the stockholder vote, Lane contacted Ubben “to

catch up on the conversations” between Haley and him regarding compensation.26 Alex

Baum, a partner and Vice President of ValueAct, sent Lane the Proposal that ValueAct had

presented to Haley in September 2015. Baum also wrote that Birtwell and he were in the

process of “tweaking this proposal” and attaching it to a larger deck that goes more in depth

before sharing it with Haley and the Willis Towers Board. Baum also explained that,

although Haley liked the Proposal, he wanted “even more leverage.”27

          About a month after the merger closed, SBCG circulated a proposal for Haley’s

equity incentive plan to Wickes (formerly Towers’ Managing Director of Benefits).

SBCG’s proposal would have provided Haley with significantly less long-term equity

incentive compensation than ValueAct’s original Proposal. Wickes, now in his capacity

as head of Willis Towers’ Exchange Solutions Division, wrote, copying Haley: “[W]e are

not OK with this proposal . . . . The value in it is considerably less than the ValueAct

structure and proposal we have been working with and we believe it is a big step backwards

from where we have been—especially with the significant cut in the number of shares.”28

Haley also objected: “[W]e don’t agree with this proposal . . . . Gene Wickes and Gordon

Gould have been working with [ValueAct Partners] . . . to adjust the original ValueAct

proposal. These discussions have been fruitful and they arrived at a solution that is




26
     Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *6 (citing Compl. ¶ 135).
27
     App. to Opening Br. at A99–A100 (Compl. ¶ 135).
28
     Id. at A101 (Compl. ¶ 140) (emphasis in original).


                                                 20
satisfactory to all of them. Why this would not be presented to the Compensation

Committee mystifies me.”29

          The Compensation Committee finalized Haley’s compensation plan on March 1,

2016. Haley’s employment agreement differed in some ways from the ValueAct Proposal,

but notably, the employment agreement provided more potential upside than the Proposal.

The Court of Chancery noted that the Proposal offered a 300 percent payout of long-term

equity, while the Willis Towers definitive proxy statement refers to a 350 percent

maximum opportunity under Haley’s employment agreement.30

          On May 31, 2017, ValueAct filed a Form SC 13D/A with the SEC, reporting that it

was no longer a beneficial owner of more than five percent of Willis Towers’ outstanding

shares. Willis Towers reported that Ubben had resigned from the Willis Towers Board in

November of that year.

          F. Related Litigations

          The merger inspired multiple waves of lawsuits in addition to this action. Certain

Towers stockholders sued to preliminarily enjoin the merger, but they voluntarily

dismissed the action after Towers supplemented its proxy materials.31 After the merger




29
     Id. (Compl. ¶ 141) (emphasis in original).
30
  Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *6 n.26 (comparing the Proposal, which offered a 300 percent
maximum payout for achieving certain shareholder return milestones, with the proxy statement,
which disclosed a 350 percent maximum payout for achieving certain shareholder return
milestones). See App. to Opening Br. at A193 (Proposal); Joint App. to Answering Br. at B543
(Willis Towers Proxy).
31
  Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *7 (citing In re Towers Watson & Co. S’holders Litig., C.A. No.
11270-CB (Del. Ch.)).


                                                  21
closed, another stockholder group filed an appraisal petition in the Court of Chancery in

March 2016.32 In that action, plaintiffs obtained certain emails, depositions, and other

discovery. The appraisal case settled in September 2017. Then, another stockholder filed

an action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.33 The

federal action, which was dismissed, was on appeal at the time the Court of Chancery

issued its ruling in in this case. After issuance of the Court of Chancery’s decision, the

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed that dismissal.34 The Fourth

Circuit noted plaintiffs’ allegation that, “Haley, Towers’ chief negotiator, had a significant

conflict of interest that arose from his secret compensation agreement with Ubben,” and

held that it was substantially likely that Towers’ and Haley’s failure to disclose this conflict



32
  Id. (citing In re Appraisal of Towers Watson & Co., C.A. No. 12064-CB (Del. Ch.)). Five class
action complaints were filed in the Court of Chancery captioned: New Jersey Building Laborers’
Statewide Annuity Fund v. Towers Watson & Co., et al., C.A. No. 11270-CB (filed on July 9,
2015); Stein v. Towers Watson & Co., et al., C.A. No. 11271-CB (filed on July 9, 2015); City of
Atlanta Firefighters’ Pension Fund v. Ganzi, et al., C.A. No. 11275-CB (filed on July 10, 2015);
Cordell v. Haley et al., C.A. No. 11358-CB (filed on July 31, 2015); and Mills v. Towers Watson
& Co. et al., C.A. No. 11423 (filed on August 24, 2015). The Stein action was voluntarily
dismissed on July 28, 2015. On August 17, 2015, the court entered a consolidation order. On
September 9, 2015, the plaintiffs in the consolidated action filed a verified consolidated amended
complaint.
33
  See In re Willis Towers Watson PLC Proxy Litig., 2018 WL 3423859 (E.D. Va. July 11, 2018).
In this matter, based on the same set of facts as the matter before us, a Towers stockholder filed a
putative class action under Sections 14 and 20 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 alleging
inadequate disclosures concerning Haley’s conflict of interest. The U.S. District Court for the
Eastern District of Virginia initially dismissed the claim, holding that the complaint was barred by
the statute of limitations, and alternatively, that the plaintiff failed to allege a material non-
disclosure.
34
  The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed, concluding that as alleged
in the complaint, the stockholders did not know of the secret compensation discussions with
Ubben, and that a jury could reasonably conclude that disclosing this information would have
changed the total mix of information available to shareholders. In re Willis Towers Watson PLC
Proxy Litig., 937 F.3d 297, 304–05 (4th Cir. 2019).


                                                22
was material to Towers’ stockholders in voting on the merger.35 Another set of Towers

stockholders filed a case in New York state court in October 2018 and voluntarily

dismissed that action in April 2019.36

         G. The Court of Chancery Proceedings in This Matter

         In the proceedings below, Plaintiffs relied on Cinerama, Inc. v. Technicolor, Inc.,37

and argued that Haley suffered a material conflict, which he failed to disclose to the Towers

Board, and which a reasonable Board member would have regarded as significant in

evaluating the proposed transaction. Plaintiffs also asserted that the directors of Towers’

Board breached their fiduciary duties by failing to oversee Haley’s negotiations. As for

their claim against ValueAct and Ubben, Plaintiffs alleged that they aided and abetted

Haley’s breach of fiduciary duty by presenting Haley with the Proposal to induce him to

breach his fiduciary duties to Towers’ stockholders by pressuring reluctant stockholders to

vote for the merger, and by favoring Willis in the subsequent renegotiation.

         Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule

12(b)(6). They argued that the business judgment rule presumptively applies given the

nature of the merger and that the Plaintiffs failed to plead facts sufficient to rebut the

business judgment rule. Alternatively, they argued that under this Court’s decision in


35
  Id. at 304. The Fourth Circuit commented that it “addressed the same facts” as the Court of
Chancery, but that it “part[ed] ways with that court in [its] assessment of the facts.” Id. at 306 n.9.
The defendants’ petition for rehearing en banc was denied on September 27, 2019. See Opening
Br. Ex. B.
36
  Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *7 (citing Compl., Naya Master Fund, LP v. Haley, Index No.
654968/2018 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Oct. 5, 2018)).
37
     663 A.2d 1156 (Del. 1995).


                                                  23
Corwin, a fully informed stockholder vote required application of the business judgment

rule.38 Because the court found the first issue dispositive, it did not address the second

issue.

         Plaintiffs did not dispute that the business judgment rule presumptively applied.

Instead, they attempted to rebut the business judgment rule and invoke the entire fairness

standard based solely on Haley’s alleged conflict of interest.

         The Court of Chancery granted the Defendants’ motion to dismiss. The court

focused on Plaintiffs’ claim that Haley’s failure to inform the Towers Board of the Proposal

constituted deceptive silence and fraud upon the Board, and specifically on Plaintiffs’

claims that: (i) Haley viewed the $10.00 dividend as the “minimum” of what stockholders

would accept, and that Ubben reported that this amount “[d]idn’t trouble him,” and (ii)

their contention that but for Haley’s undisclosed conflicts and personal interest in seeing

the merger through, Haley would have pressed the Willis Board for more than the

“minimum” of what stockholders would accept.

         The court held that “the facts alleged do not support a finding of deceptive silence,

fraud on the board, or a conflicted negotiator gone rogue.”39 It reasoned that the alleged

failure to disclose the Proposal failed to rebut the business judgment rule because, at

bottom, the Towers Board already knew that Haley would become the CEO of the

combined company post-merger, that the combined company would be much larger, and




38
     Corwin v. KKR Fin. Hldgs. LLC, 125 A.3d 304 (Del. 2015).
39
     Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *9.


                                               24
thus, the CEO would be entitled to increased compensation. Knowing this potential

conflict, the Towers Board nevertheless appointed Haley as the lead negotiator and it

generally was kept apprised of negotiations. Further, the court held that the Plaintiffs failed

to establish that a reasonable director would have considered the Proposal to be significant

when evaluating the merger. The court reasoned that it “was a proposal only; it reflected

a theory of compensation and upside potential in the event of pie-in-the-sky outcomes

unconnected to any business plan or forecast.”40 Accordingly, it held that the business

judgment rule applied. Because there was no predicate breach of fiduciary duty adequately

pleaded, the court dismissed the aiding and abetting claims against ValueAct and Ubben.41

          The Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal on August 22, 2019. Plaintiffs appeal

the dismissal only as to Haley, ValueAct, and Ubben.

                                  II.   Standard of Review

          This Court reviews de novo a decision to grant a motion to dismiss under Court of

Chancery Rule 12(b)(6).42 The Court will grant a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)

only if the “plaintiff could not recover under any reasonably conceivable set of

circumstances susceptible of proof.”43 When considering such a motion, the Court must

“accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the Complaint as true . . . [and] draw all



40
     Id. at *1.
41
     Id. at *12.
42
  Morrison v. Berry, 191 A.3d 268, 282 (Del. 2018); Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg.
Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 535 (Del. 2011); Allen v. Encore Energy P’rs, L.P., 72 A.3d 93,
100 (Del. 2013).
43
     Morgan Stanley, 27 A.3d at 536.


                                               25
reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.”44 The court “is not required to accept every

strained interpretation of the allegations,”45 “credit conclusory allegations that are not

supported by specific facts, or draw unreasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.”46

                                        III.   Analysis

           A. The Court of Chancery Erred in Dismissing Plaintiffs’ Claim Against Haley.

           Plaintiffs’ theory on appeal is that Haley breached his fiduciary duty of loyalty by

selling out Towers’ public stockholders in exchange for a massive compensation package,

promised by Ubben and ValueAct. After allegedly engaging in the secret September 2015

meeting where Ubben presented this compensation plan that would pay Haley up to five

times more than his compensation at Towers, Haley failed to disclose that proposal to the

Towers Board. Then, in a renegotiation of the merger, after it became clear it lacked the

votes needed for approval, he allegedly agreed to the “minimum” increase in the special

dividend needed to secure Towers’ stockholders’ approval of the deal. Plaintiffs also

contend that the Court of Chancery erred by ignoring stockholder disclosure cases in

determining whether the alleged omissions were material to the Board. We hold that

Plaintiffs’ theory is reasonably conceivable as pleaded and the claim should survive a

motion to dismiss.

           The business judgment rule presumptively applies because Towers’ stockholders

exchanged their shares in one widely-held public company for shares in another widely-


44
     Id.
45
     Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1083 (Del. 2001).
46
     Norton v. K-Sea Transp. P’rs L.P., 67 A.3d 354, 360 (Del. 2013).


                                                26
held public company.47 Thus, to state a claim, Plaintiffs must rebut the presumption that

Towers’ directors “acted on an informed basis [i.e., with due care], in good faith and in the

honest belief that the action taken was in the best interest of the company.”48

       As the claims asserted against Haley focus on the conduct of a single director, both

sides agree that in order to rebut the presumption of the business judgment rule, Plaintiffs

must adequately allege that (i) the director was “materially self-interested” in the

transaction, (ii) the director failed to disclose his “interest in the transaction to the board,”

and (iii) “a reasonable board member would have regarded the existence of [the director’s]

material interest as a significant fact in the evaluation of the proposed transaction.”49

“Absent such a showing, the mere presence of a conflicted director or an act of disloyalty

by a director, does not deprive the board of the business judgment rule’s presumption of

loyalty.”50




47
  In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 70–71 (Del. 1995) (no change of control
where control of post-merger entity remains in “a large, fluid, changeable and changing market”)
(citation omitted).
48
  Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., 634 A.2d 345, 360 (Del. 1993) (quoting Aronson v. Lewis, 473
A.2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984)).
49
  Cinerama, Inc., 663 A.2d at 1168 (citation omitted); see also Mills Acq. Co. v. Macmillan, Inc.,
559 A.2d 1261, 1279–81 (Del. 1989) (applying entire fairness standard of review where insider
directors failed to disclose that they tipped off their favored bidder in a way that tainted and
manipulated the Board’s deliberative process); Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 707–12
(Del. 1983) (applying entire fairness standard of review and determining unfair dealing occurred
where two insider directors failed to disclose a pricing analysis report they prepared for the benefit
of the acquirer). A plaintiff could also seek to demonstrate that the materially self-interested
director controlled or dominated a majority of the Board, but no such allegations are made in this
case. See Cinerama, 663 A.2d at 1169.
50
  Goodwin v. Live Entm’t, Inc., 1999 WL 64265, at *25 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 1999) (citing Cede &
Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., 634 A.2d 345, 363 (Del. 1993)), aff’d, 741 A.2d 16 (Del. 1999).


                                                 27
         In dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims, the Court of Chancery held that, given what the

Towers Board knew, the alleged self-interest was immaterial, and that a reasonable director

would not have considered the Proposal to be significant when evaluating the merger. In

so holding, the court found that three facts “foreclose an inference that the Towers board

would have found the ValueAct compensation proposal significant,”51 namely: (1) the

Board already knew the combined entity would be larger and would generate a larger salary

for Haley; (2) Haley kept the Towers Board generally apprised of the negotiations; and (3)

the Proposal was merely a proposal. As we explain below, we disagree that these facts

undercut the Plaintiffs’ allegations when viewed in the light most favorable to them.

         We consider first whether Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that Haley was

materially self-interested in the merger.     Plaintiffs contend that Haley’s subjective

expectation of compensation, which substantially exceeded the amount contemplated by

the Board, motivated him to adopt a less aggressive stance in the merger renegotiations.

They contend that the Board should have had the opportunity to consider whether the

Proposal skewed Haley’s conduct in that role. Plaintiffs also contend that the Court of

Chancery erred by ignoring stockholder disclosure cases in determining whether the

alleged omissions were material to the Board.

         Appellees counter that the Proposal did not change the already-known potential

conflict because the Board knew of Haley’s future employment with the post-merger

company when it allowed Haley to lead the negotiations. Appellees also contend that the



51
     Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *9.


                                            28
Proposal was not binding on anyone and that the stockholder disclosure cases are not

relevant as the materiality standard is different in the stockholder voting context.

          The issue here is whether the alleged omissions meet the legal definition of

materiality. We hold that the Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that the Proposal altered

the nature of the potential conflict that the Towers Board knew of in a material way.52

“Material,” in this context, means that the information is “relevant and of a magnitude to

be important to directors in carrying out their fiduciary duty of care in decisionmaking.”53

It is elementary that under Delaware law the duty of candor imposes an unremitting duty

on fiduciaries, including directors and officers, to “not use superior information or

knowledge to mislead others in the performance of their own fiduciary obligations.”54

Further, “[c]orporate officers and directors are not permitted to use their position of trust

and confidence to further their private interests.”55

          In Weinberger v. UOP, Inc.,56 for example, this Court found a violation of the duty

of candor where two “inside directors” of a subsidiary corporation being merged into its



52
     In this regard, the Fourth Circuit similarly observed that:
          [Although] shareholders knew Haley would make more money after the merger . . .
          they didn’t know that—before the merger had closed—Haley had entered secret
          discussions with Ubben, who was slated for a seat on [Willis Towers’]
          Compensation Committee, for a more than six-fold increase in his current
          compensation.
Willis Towers, 937 F.3d at 305.
53
     Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244, 259 n.49 (Del. 2000).
54
     Mills Acq. Co., 559 A.2d at 1283.
55
     Guth v. Loft, 5 A.2d 503, 510 (Del. 1939).
56
     457 A.2d 701.


                                                   29
parent prepared a feasibility study for the exclusive use and benefit of the parent. The

study had obvious significance to both entities, as it used the subsidiary’s data to describe

the advantages to the parent of ousting the minority within a certain price range. The two

directors shared this information with the parent corporation but not with either of their

fellow directors or the other stockholders of the subsidiary. 57 This Court observed that,

“[t]his conduct hardly meets the fiduciary standards applicable to such a transaction,”58 and

that, “the matter of disclosure to the [subsidiary] directors was wholly flawed by the

conflicts of interest raised by the [feasibility study].”59

          As Appellees agree, it is “uncontroversial” that “material information about a

potential director conflict should be disclosed to the board.”60 The cases cited by the Court

of Chancery, namely, Weinberger, Mills, and Cinerama, have firmly embedded that basic

principle in our law. Because the issue here involves a director’s duty of disclosure to the

Board, we agree that those cases offer useful guidance. But applying that firmly-embedded

principle here leads us to the opposite conclusion, namely, that Plaintiffs sufficiently allege

that Haley’s interest in the Proposal rendered him materially interested in the transaction.

Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that the Board would have found it material that its lead

negotiator had been presented with a compensation proposal having a potential upside of

nearly five times his compensation at Towers, and that he was presented with this Proposal



57
     Id. at 709.
58
     Id. at 708.
59
     Id. at 712.
60
     Haley Answering Br. at 32.


                                               30
during an atmosphere of deal uncertainty and before they authorized him to renegotiate the

merger consideration.

       Although we need not look to the stockholder disclosure cases, we pause to address

the parties’ competing assertions about the relevance of those cases. In Brehm v. Eisner,

we noted that the term “material,” when used in the context of a director’s obligation to be

candid with the other members of the Board, “is distinct from the use of the term ‘material’

in the quite different context of disclosure to stockholders in which ‘[a]n omitted fact is

material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would consider it

important in deciding how to vote.’”61 But as Appellees observe in their brief, most of the

cases cited by Plaintiffs found the same information to be material to both directors and

stockholders.62 For example, in Morrison v. Berry, although our focus centered on the


61
   Brehm, 746 A.2d at 259 n.49. Delaware has adopted the federal standard for materiality in the
shareholder disclosure context. See Morrison v. Berry, 191 A.3d 268, 282 (Del. 2018) (“An
omitted fact is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would
consider it important in deciding how to vote.”) (quoting Rosenblatt v. Getty Oil Co., 493 A.2d
929, 944 (Del. 1985) (quoting TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976))). We
reject any contention in the briefing that the Delaware standard differs from the federal standard
in this context.
62
   Haley Answering Br. at 35 n.1. See Weinberger, 457 A.2d at 712 (noting that “the matter of
disclosure to the [subsidiary] directors was wholly flawed by the conflicts of interest raised by the
[feasibility study],” and that because the minority stockholders were also denied information, “an
approval by a majority of the minority was meaningless”); In re Xura, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2018
WL 6498677, at *12–13 (Del. Ch. Dec. 10, 2018) (finding it reasonably conceivable that
stockholders lacked material information concerning seven items, including that the CEO and
private equity bidder regularly communicated privately without the Board’s knowledge or
approval, the CEO and bidder negotiated price terms directly without Board approval, the CEO
advised the bidder what offer the Board would accept, and that the CEO received word during his
negotiations with the bidder that his position with the company was in jeopardy if it were not sold;
and also finding that the plaintiff “has pled facts that support a reasonable inference that the Board
was not fully informed of [the CEO’s] conduct—as contemplated in [Mills Acq. Co. v.
MacMillan]”); In re PLX Tech. Inc. S’holders Litig., 2018 WL 5018535, at *33–34 (Del. Ch. Oct.
16, 2018) (director and adviser did not disclose to Board a tip that revealed that a bidder wanted

                                                 31
disclosures to stockholders, we reiterated the basic principle that “directors have an

‘unremitting obligation’ to deal candidly with their fellow directors.”63                There, we

considered allegations that a CEO had concealed from the Board that he and a bidder had

an agreement that contemplated his “rolling over” his equity interest. In considering

whether the alleged omissions were material to the stockholders, we held that, “[a]

reasonable stockholder would want to know the facts showing that [the CEO] had not been

forthcoming with the board about his agreement with [the bidder] . . . .”64 We also observed

that the timing of the alleged agreement was material, because it “would have shed light

on the depth of [the CEO’s] commitment to [the bidder], the extent of [the CEO’s] and

[bidder’s] pressure on the Board, and the degree that this influence may have impacted the

structure of the sale process.”65


to buy PLX, when that bidder would bid, and how much it wanted to pay, and thus, their failure to
disclose this information “calls into question their motivations on behalf of PLX” and constituted
a material omission in the Recommendation Statement), aff’d, 211 A.3d 137 (Del. 2019)
(TABLE); id. at *47 (by withholding the tip from the rest of the Board, the director “breached his
fiduciary duty and induced the other directors to breach theirs”). It is a basic proposition that
directors must inform themselves of all material information prior to making a business decision.
They cannot fulfill this responsibility if their fellow directors and/or advisers withhold material
information from them. See RBC Capital Markets, LLC v. Jervis, 129 A.3d 816, 863 (Del. 2015)
(concluding that “RBC’s failure to fully disclose its conflicts and ulterior motives to the Board, in
turn, led to a lack of disclosure in the Proxy Statement,” and that, “[t]he Proxy Statement included
materially misleading information that RBC presented to the Board in its financial presentation
and omitted information about RBC’s conflicts”).
63
   191 A.3d at 284 (citing HMG/Courtland Prop., Inc. v. Gray, 749 A.2d 94, 119 (Del. Ch. 1999)
(quoting Mills Acq. Co., 559 A.2d at 1283 and citing Hollinger Int’l, Inc. v. Black, 844 A.2d 1022,
1061 (Del. Ch. 2004) (finding director liable for breach of the fiduciary duty of loyalty for failing
to “fulfill his obligation to be candid to his fellow directors,” including by “purposely denying the
[company’s] board the right to consider fairly and responsibly a strategic opportunity within the
scope of its Strategic Process and diverting that opportunity to himself.”)).
64
     Id. at 284.
65
     Id. at 275.


                                                 32
         In this case, although the materiality inquiry is different in the two contexts, we

conclude that the allegedly omitted information would be material in either context. A

reasonable stockholder likely would consider important in deciding how to vote,

information about Haley discussing and receiving the Proposal amidst deal completion

uncertainty, and information concerning Haley’s relationship with ValueAct, and whether

that relationship impaired his “ability to negotiate in good faith on behalf of Towers

Watson shareholders.”66 This is evident from the inquiries Towers received from certain

significant stockholders regarding Haley’s discussions with ValueAct.67

         Appellees strenuously counter that the alleged omissions are not material because

ValueAct’s presentation, even if deemed to have been a proposal, was not binding on

anyone. We acknowledge that the Proposal was not binding.68 But that is not the point.

The fact that the Proposal was a not concrete agreement and had milestones requiring

“Herculean” efforts did not relieve Haley of his duty to disclose to the Towers Board the

deepening of the potential conflict, particularly in an atmosphere of considerable deal

uncertainty. As this Court said in the seminal case, Guth v. Loft, a director’s duty of loyalty




66
     App. to Opening Br. at A90–A91 (Compl. ¶ 116).
67
   Because the omitted information is material to both the Towers Board and stockholders, we need
not consider Appellees’ alternate ground for affirming the Court of Chancery, namely, that Corwin
“cleansing” applies. In Corwin, we held that “the business judgment rule is invoked as the
appropriate standard of review for a post-closing damages action when a merger that is not subject
to the entire fairness standard of review has been approved by a fully informed, uncoerced majority
of the disinterested stockholders.” 125 A.3d at 305–06.
68
  See, e.g., C&J Energy Servs., Inc. v. City of Miami Gen. Emps. & Sanitation Emps’ Ret. Tr., 107
A.3d 1049, 1065 (Del. 2014) (noting that pre-merger employment discussions were “not binding
on the board of [the combined company], which must approve any compensation package”).


                                                33
“requires an undivided and unselfish loyalty to the corporation” and “demands that there

shall be no conflict between duty and self-interest.”69 The duty of loyalty is derived from

a “profound knowledge of human characteristics and motives.”70 Here, Plaintiffs are

entitled to an inference that the prospect of the undisclosed enhanced compensation

proposal was a motivating factor in Haley’s conduct in the renegotiations to the detriment

of Towers stockholders.71 We emphasize that we make no finding that he did, in fact,


69
   5 A.2d at 510. There is nothing inherently wrong with a Board delegating to a conflicted CEO
the task of negotiating a transaction. See In re OPENLANE, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2011 WL
4599662, *5 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2011) (finding that, as the Board was aware of the CEO’s possible
employment after consummation of the transaction “and was fully committed to the process,” and
that even though the CEO, who led the negotiations, was conflicted, “his efforts in negotiating the
Merger Agreement and dealing with other potential acquirers” did not “taint the process”). But
the conflict must be adequately disclosed to the Board, and the Board must properly oversee and
manage the conflict. See, e.g., RBC Capital Markets LLC, 129 A.3d at 831, 850–57 (affirming
trial court’s findings that the Board failed to oversee the Special Committee, failed to become
informed about strategic alternatives and about potential conflicts faced by advisors, and approved
the merger without adequate information); id. at 855 (holding that, “[t]he record indicates that
Rural’s Board was unaware of the implications of the dual-track structure of the bidding process
and that the design was driven by RBC’s motivation to obtain financing fees in another transaction
with Rural’s competitor,” and that, “[t]he Board, as a result, took no steps to address or mitigate
RBC’s conflicts”); id. (“While a board may be free to consent to certain conflicts, . . . directors
need to be active and reasonably informed when overseeing the sale process, including identifying
and responding to actual or potential conflicts of interest.”).
70
     Guth, 5 A.2d at 510.
71
   See, e.g., Maric Capital Master Fund Ltd. v. Plato Learning, Inc., 11 A.3d 1175, 1179 (Del. Ch.
2010) (granting preliminary injunction to address proxy’s disclosure that there were no
compensation “negotiations” between management and the acquirer when there had been
“extended discussions” about retaining management and the typical equity incentive package that
could be expected, and thus, the proxy statement created “the materially misleading impression
that management was given no expectations regarding the treatment they could receive” from the
acquirer); see also In re Lear Corp. S’holder Litig., 926 A.2d 94, 98 (Del. Ch. 2007) (granting a
limited preliminary injunction because the Special Committee tasked the CEO with negotiating a
transaction, but the proxy statement failed to disclose that shortly before the acquirer, Carl Icahn,
expressed interest in a going private transaction, the CEO asked Lear to change his retirement
benefits to allow him to cash them in early). In Lear, the court explained that “the Lear
stockholders are entitled to know that the CEO harbored material economic motivations that
differed from their own that could have influenced his negotiating posture with Icahn.” Id. That
aspect of the Lear case is particularly apt here, even though it arises in the stockholder disclosure

                                                 34
subordinate the Towers stockholders’ interests to his own, but at this point in the

proceedings, we accept the well-pleaded allegations as true.72

          Nor does the fact that Haley’s compensation agreement ultimately differed from the

Proposal negate its materiality, as Appellees suggest. Plaintiffs allege that Haley’s new

compensation package at Willis Towers following the closing of the transaction is

substantially similar to the Proposal, but with even more risk and attendant reward, just as

Haley had requested at the outset of his negotiations with ValueAct. Like the Proposal, his

new plan included a front-loaded, long-term equity incentive award intended to cover a

three-year period.        Also like the Proposal, his new plan provided him with a

disproportionate increase in value of his maximum long-term equity incentive

compensation relative to the increase in size of the combined entity (as compared with

Towers). His new package, according to Plaintiffs, put “the total compensation that Haley

could earn at Willis Towers comfortably within range of the over five-fold increase

ValueAct offered him in September 2015.”73



context. In Lear, the retirement proposal, ultimately, was never embraced by the CEO or the
Board. Even so, the court held that, “a reasonable stockholder would want to know an important
economic motivation of the negotiator singularly employed by a board to obtain the best price for
the stockholders, when that motivation could rationally lead that negotiator to favor a deal at a less
than optimal price, because the procession of a deal was more important to him, given his overall
economic interest, than only doing a deal at the right price.” Id. at 114.
72
     Olenik v. Lodzinski, 208 A.3d 704, 714 (Del. 2019).
73
  App. to Opening Br. at A103 (Compl. ¶ 145). At Towers, Haley, according to Plaintiffs, received
an aggregate maximum grant of 186,584 PSUs during his last three years. By contrast, Willis
Towers allegedly gave Haley a maximum grant of 787,500 PSUs over a three-year period,
increasing his maximum equity shares by a factor of more than four. Further, the $92.5 million
grant date (i.e., 2016) value of Haley’s 787,500 Willis Towers PSUs would be worth more than
$92.5 million on the vesting date (i.e., December 31, 2018), and upwards of 4.76 times the value
of the equity compensation Haley made in his last three years at Towers (i.e., $19.4 million),

                                                 35
          The Court of Chancery observed that the “potential payout Haley would receive for

achieving milestones under the ValueAct presentation differed from Haley’s eventual

employment agreement; the agreement provided more potential upside than the ValueAct

compensation proposal.”74 This observation, however, undercuts the court’s observation

that the Proposal reflected “upside potential in the event of pie-in-the-sky outcomes . . . .”75

If the Proposal were completely “pie-in-the-sky,” why would the Board ultimately approve

a plan with even greater potential upside?76 Plaintiffs are entitled to the reasonable

inference that the Board, including Haley, believed the Proposal’s milestones were

attainable. As we confirmed in Cinerama, the materiality inquiry is a subjective test, and

“not how or whether a reasonable person in the same or similar circumstances would be

affected by a financial interest of the same sort as present in the case, but whether this

director in fact was or would likely be affected.” 77 Here, Plaintiffs allege that Haley


putting the total compensation he could earn at Willis Towers in the range of the over five-fold
increase ValueAct offered him in September 2015. Id.
74
     Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *6.
75
     Id. at *1.
76
   Notably, ValueAct and Ubben argue in their brief that, “the hypothetical, pay-for-
outperformance structure was not so egregious that Mr. Ubben would have known of an
exploitable conflict of Mr. Haley’s,” and that, “[b]y tying any upside awarded to Herculean
outperformance by Mr. Haley, and penalizing him for underperformance or even market
performance, the alleged hypothetical compensation structure was eminently reasonable and not
egregious.” ValueAct Answering Br. at 21–22.
77
   Cinerama, 663 A.2d at 1167 (quoting Cinerama, Inc. v. Technicolor, Inc., 663 A.2d 1134, 1151
(Del. Ch. 1994)) (internal formatting omitted); see also In re Atheros Commc’ns S’holder Litig.,
2011 WL 864928, at *8 (Del. Ch. Mar. 4, 2011) (finding that the “incentives are so great” in the
advisor’s contingency fees that “stockholders should be made aware of them and that this
contingent fee structure is material to their decision to support or oppose the Transaction”); Orman
v. Cullman, 794 A.2d 5, 29 n.62 (Del. Ch. 2002) (discussing cases where allegations did not
establish directors’ financial interest, but noting that, “these cases were based on circumstances in
which the fees paid to directors were customary and usual in amount,” and that the Court of

                                                 36
thought the upside was attainable and point to Haley’s comment that he wanted “even

more” upside than what was provided in the Proposal. And it appears that he ultimately

got it.

          Moreover, Haley delegated to Wickes the authority to negotiate on his behalf, and

Haley reacted negatively when Willis Towers’ consultant initially proposed something

different following the closing of the merger. Even if ValueAct and Ubben could not bind

Willis Towers to a compensation agreement, Ubben’s influence over Haley’s

compensation was allegedly enough to convince Haley to agree to unfavorable terms in the

merger renegotiations in order to benefit himself by obtaining a lucrative compensation

deal. ValueAct was a significant Willis stockholder and proponent of the transaction.

Ubben was involved in the negotiations, participated in driving Willis’s negotiating

strategy, and was likely to be a Board and compensation committee member of the post-

merger entity.78 Thus, Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded that Haley subjectively believed

that the compensation increase set forth in the Proposal was attainable, and that the

Proposal carried weight, even if it were of a non-binding nature.




Chancery’s “view of the disqualifying effect of such fees might be different if the fees were shown
to exceed materially what is commonly understood and accepted to be a usual and customary
director’s fee”).
78
  In this regard, Plaintiffs allege that, “on May 29, 2015, Haley and Casserley discussed the
composition of the board of the post-Merger entity,” and thus, “when Ubben enticed Haley in
September 2015 with a massive post-Merger compensation proposal as Willis Towers’ CEO,
Haley had reason to believe that Ubben would, at the very least, be a member of the Willis Towers
Board (and, perhaps, even a member of the Compensation Committee) with the ability to ensure
Haley’s receipt of a massive pay raise.” App. to Opening Br. at A70 (Compl. ¶ 61).


                                                37
         Next, we conclude that Plaintiffs adequately allege that Haley failed to inform the

Towers Board of his deepened interest in the transaction. That Haley kept the Towers

Board generally apprised of negotiations, as the Court of Chancery found, does not rebut

Plaintiffs’ contention that Haley failed to adequately disclose his self-interest to the Board.

Even assuming that Haley kept the Towers Board generally apprised of the negotiations,

he allegedly did not disclose that he had received the Proposal and had discussed executive

compensation with ValueAct and Ubben.79 The Court of Chancery noted that Plaintiffs

“do not allege that Haley remained silent” since they allege that Haley had discussed the

Proposal with Wickes.80 But, Wickes was a Towers officer—the Managing Director of

Benefits—and not a Board member. Even more, Plaintiffs allege in their Complaint that

Board member and Compensation Committee Chair Ray testified that “he would have

wanted to know that Haley was discussing his compensation at the future company with

Ubben and ValueAct, but did not receive such information, let alone information as to the

magnitude of the raise that Haley stood to receive.”81 Thus, Plaintiffs have adequately

pleaded that Haley failed to disclose the Proposal to the Towers Board.



79
   Appellees argue that the Plaintiffs have no basis to argue that Haley did not disclose the
September 2015 meeting with ValueAct to the Board, and that in the lead plaintiff hearing,
Plaintiffs’ counsel said that they could make that allegation consistent with Court of Chancery
Rule 11. But, in his briefing before this Court, Haley does not deny that he did not tell the Board
about the Proposal. Notably, Haley contends, instead, that, “[d]isclosure of the ValueAct
presentation, or the September 15 meeting more generally, would not have substantially altered
the total mix of information regarding Mr. Haley’s potential conflict, including because the Board
had disclosed the material facts about the renegotiation of the Merger.” Haley Answering Br. at
4.
80
     Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *5.
81
     App. to Opening Br. at A94 (Compl. ¶ 123).


                                                  38
         Finally, Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded that a reasonable Board member would

have regarded Haley’s material interest in the Proposal as a significant fact in evaluating

the merger. This conclusion is also supported by Ray’s testimony that he would have

wanted to know that Haley was discussing his compensation at the future company with

Ubben and ValueAct. As to this point, the court observed that, “[f]rom the extensive

discovery uncovered from the appraisal action, Plaintiffs point out that Towers director

Ray stated during his deposition that he would have wanted to know that Haley discussed

compensation at the future company with Ubben and ValueAct.82                 The court then

concluded, without explanation, that, “[t]his does not satisfy the standard that a reasonable

board member would have regarded the existence of the ValueAct compensation proposal

as a significant fact in the evaluation of the proposed transaction.”83 We disagree that

Ray’s alleged testimony should be summarily discounted as insignificant. Ray’s statement,

allegedly given under oath in a deposition, that he would have wanted to be informed of

this information is significant, particularly given his position as Chair of the Towers’

Compensation Committee. There are no suggestions that Ray was anything other than a

disinterested and independent director.

         Thus, we conclude that Plaintiffs have alleged sufficiently that Haley was materially

interested in the merger, that he failed to disclose his interest in the Proposal to the Towers

Board, and that a reasonable Board member would have regarded the existence of Haley’s




82
     Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *8 n.46; see also App. to Opening Br. at A94 (Compl. ¶ 123).
83
     Opinion, 2019 WL 3334521, at *8 n.46.


                                               39
material interest as a significant fact in the evaluation of the merger. Accordingly, we hold

that Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded their claim for breach of fiduciary duty against

Haley and, thus, the claim will survive a motion to dismiss.

         B. We Remand to the Court of Chancery the Claims of Aiding and Abetting
            Breaches of Fiduciary Duty.

         The Court of Chancery dismissed claims against ValueAct and Ubben because there

was no predicate breach of fiduciary duty pleaded. To find ValueAct and Ubben liable for

aiding and abetting a fiduciary duty breach, Plaintiffs must show: (1) the existence of a

fiduciary relationship, (2) a breach of the fiduciary’s duty, (3) knowing participation in that

breach by the defendants, and (4) damages proximately caused by the breach.84 Although

the Court of Chancery did not consider the other elements of the claim, Plaintiffs suggest

that this Court should rule on them in this appeal. We think the better course is for the

Court of Chancery to consider those elements in the first instance. Accordingly, we direct

the Court of Chancery to consider the aiding and abetting issues on remand.

                                    IV.    Conclusion

         For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE the Court of Chancery’s opinion, and

REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.




84
     Townson, 780 A.2d at 1096.


                                              40
VAUGHN, Justice, dissenting:

          I agree with the legal principles the Majority applies in arriving at its decision. I

dissent simply because when I apply those principles to the facts as pled in the complaint,

I come to a different conclusion.

          It is obvious that Haley was materially self-interested in the transaction and the

Towers Board was aware he was materially self-interested. Haley became conflicted when

the Towers Board, through director Rabbitt, proposed to the Willis Board that Haley serve

as CEO of the combined company. At that point it was known to all concerned that Haley

would be in line for a substantial increase in compensation if the merger took place.

Despite knowing that Haley had a conflict which potentially could affect the negotiations,

the Towers Board evidently felt comfortable with that conflict, as it allowed Haley to

continue to serve as Towers’ primary negotiator notwithstanding Haley’s significant

financial interest in a successful merger.

          The question is whether the complaint adequately alleges that the undisclosed

September 2015 ValueAct compensation presentation rendered Haley’s conflict such that

a reasonable board member would have regarded the existence of his material self-interest

as a significant fact in the evaluation of the renegotiated merger agreement.85 My answer

to that question is no.

          The complaint does not allege any facts suggesting that Haley discussed his

potential post-merger compensation with Ubben after ValueAct made its presentation. In



85
     See Cinerama, Inc. v. Technicolor, Inc., 663 A.2d 1156, 1168 (Del. 1995).

                                                 41
an exchange of emails on September 14, 2015, Haley thanked Ubben for the presentation.

An email the next day from a ValueAct representative to Haley indicates that Haley said

that it might be useful if ValueAct discussed the presentation with Gene Wickes, Towers’

Managing Director of Benefits. The complaint does not indicate whether ValueAct

followed up with Wickes prior to closing. The complaint does not allege that Haley

engaged in any discussions or negotiations over his compensation with anyone on the

Willis side of the transaction until the shareholders of both companies approved the merger.

         The complaint alleges that Ray, a member of the Towers Board and Chair of its

Compensation Committee, testified in an appraisal proceeding that he would have wanted

to know that Haley was discussing his compensation at the future company with Ubben,

but the averment does not indicate what director Ray meant by “discussing his

compensation”86 and whether that would have included Haley listening to the September

2015 ValueAct presentation and thanking Ubben for that presentation. Director Ray’s

isolated answer does not, in my mind, rise to the level of a well-pled allegation. Nor is it

an allegation that the director would have considered the presentation significant in his

decision to approve the renegotiated merger agreement.

         In my view, the September 2015 ValueAct presentation did not alter or add anything

material to the nature of Haley’s already disclosed material self-interest. The fact that the

ValueAct presentation had the potential of a high payout to Haley did not change or

significantly add to the fact that the Towers Board was aware that he would be receiving a



86
     App. to Opening Br. at A94 (Compl. ¶123).

                                                 42
significant pay raise as CEO of the combined company. I would find that even under the

“reasonably conceivable” pleading standard,87 the complaint fails to plead facts showing

that the Towers Board would have considered the ValueAct presentation as a significant

fact in deciding whether to approve the renegotiated merger agreement.

       I would affirm the Vice Chancellor’s decision to dismiss the complaint.




87
  Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 535 (Del. 2011)
(en banc).

                                             43