Dennis Troyer v. National Futures Association

                                  In the

     United States Court of Appeals
                   For the Seventh Circuit
                       ____________________
No. 20-1422
DENNIS TROYER,
                                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                    v.

NATIONAL FUTURES ASSOCIATION,
                                                    Defendant-Appellee.
                       ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court for the
          Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division.
         No. 1:16-cv-00146 — Susan L. Collins, Magistrate Judge.
                       ____________________

SUBMITTED OCTOBER 29, 2020* — DECIDED NOVEMBER 25, 2020
                ____________________

    Before FLAUM, KANNE, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
   FLAUM, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-appellant Dennis Troyer
brought this claim against the National Futures Association
(“NFA”) under Section 25(b) of the Commodities Exchange

* We granted the parties’ joint motion to waive oral argument for this case,

agreeing that this appeal could be resolved on the briefs and record and
that oral argument would not significantly aid the decisional process. Fed.
R. App. P. 34(f).
2                                                   No. 20-1422

Act. 7 U.S.C. § 25(b). On appeal, he challenges the district
court’s findings on each element of the action under § 25(b):
failure to enforce a required bylaw, bad faith, and causation.
Because this Court agrees that NFA Bylaw 301 is not applica-
ble in this case, we affirm the district court’s denial of Troyer’s
motion for summary judgment and grant of NFA’s cross-mo-
tion for summary judgment.
                        I. Background
    The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”)
promotes the integrity of the U.S. derivatives markets through
regulation. Through the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”),
Congress authorized the CFTC to establish futures associa-
tions with authority to regulate the practices of its Members.
As the sole CFTC-approved registered futures association un-
der the CEA since September 1981, the NFA is charged with
processing registrations for futures commission merchants,
swap dealers, commodity pool operators, commodity trading
advisors, introducing brokers, retail foreign exchange dealers,
and relevant associated persons (“APs”). Subject to limited ex-
ceptions, entities and accompanying APs registered with the
CFTC in these enumerated capacities are both required to be
NFA “Members” (or “Associate Members”) and are subjected
to NFA requirements.
    One        such     requirement—Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D)—was
adopted by the NFA to track the language of 7 U.S.C.
§ 21(b)(3)(C). This bylaw governs NFA membership eligibil-
ity, stating, in relevant part:
       [N]o person shall be eligible to become or re-
       main a Member or associated with a Member
       who[,] … [w]hether before or after becoming a
No. 20-1422                                                   3

       Member or associated with a Member, was, by
       the person’s conduct while associated with a
       Member, a cause of any suspension, expulsion
       or order[.]
NFA Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D).
    The NFA has two primary spheres of responsibility within
the regulatory space: registration and discipline. Through
CFTC delegation, the NFA is authorized to conduct proceed-
ings to deny, condition, suspend, restrict, or revoke CFTC reg-
istration of any person, or entity AP, applying for registration
as a covered actor. The NFA is empowered to initiate discipli-
nary action against any Member, or Associate Member, for vi-
olating NFA compliance rules, financial requirements, or by-
laws. Disciplinary actions are resolved via settlement or evi-
dentiary hearing followed by a written panel decision.
    At the center of this dispute are the interactions between
two longtime players in the NFA’s regulatory space. Between
1983 and 2015, Thomas Heneghan was an AP of fourteen dif-
ferent NFA-Member firms. Dennis Troyer, an investor in fi-
nancial products since the 1990s, invested hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars in financial derivatives through NFA Mem-
bers and their associates. Although Troyer chronicled a his-
tory of misconduct by Heneghan, dating as far back as 1985,
the first interaction between Troyer and Heneghan was not
until October 2008. After receiving an unsolicited phone call
from Heneghan, Troyer invested more than $160,000 between
October 2008 and March 2011 under Heneghan’s advisement.
From 2007 to 2010, Heneghan was an associate of Statewide
FX, Inc. (“Statewide”) before transitioning to Atlantis Trading
Corp. (“ATC”) from 2010 to 2012. Despite the changes in
4                                                  No. 20-1422

Heneghan’s entity affiliation, the terms of his working rela-
tionship with Troyer remained constant. Although Troyer did
not know every detail of his investment, Heneghan placed
only trades authorized by Troyer and provided regular com-
munication to Troyer—including investment statements—
about the trades made on his behalf.
    During Troyer’s initial investment period, Heneghan
came under NFA scrutiny. In 2009, the NFA received an un-
authorized trade complaint implicating Heneghan. After fail-
ing to determine who placed the trades at issue, the NFA
closed the matter. The following year, on June 7, 2010, the
NFA began an examination of Statewide. The examination
process encompassed corporate record review, customer and
employer interviews, and evaluation of many Statewide APs,
including Heneghan. As the examination progressed, the
NFA’s Compliance Department recommended that the NFA’s
Business Conduct Committee initiate a disciplinary action
against Statewide, its principals, and three APs. Notably,
Heneghan was not one of the three named APs. On December
9, 2010, the NFA’s Business Conduct Committee initiated a
disciplinary action against Statewide, but at the time of initi-
ation, a voluntary NFA membership withdrawal was already
in process by Statewide.
    Amid the Statewide investigation, Heneghan transferred
his registration to ATC. Tracking the personnel movement
from Statewide to ATC, the NFA took note that several APs,
including Heneghan, had previously worked for disciplined
firms. As part of the NFA’s inquiry, Troyer gave feedback that
“overall his experience with Heneghan had been very good,
even though his account was down in value.” This 2011 ex-
amination culminated in NFA findings that, while 95% of
No. 20-1422                                                  5

ATC customers lost money in 2010, there had been significant
improvement in investment outcomes and commission-to-eq-
uity and break-even ratios between 2010 and 2011. This exam-
ination and related findings resulted in the NFA’s decision to
place ATC on investigative monitoring.
    By July 28, 2011, a settlement was reached in the Statewide
NFA complaint. The settlement order called for Statewide
“never to reapply for NFA membership or act as a principal
of an NFA Member, effective immediately.” Because
Heneghan was not named in the NFA’s 2010 disciplinary ac-
tion, this settlement had no impact on his membership per-
sonally.
   Although the NFA’s Compliance Department did impose
an approval hold on Heneghan beginning June 15, 2012, this
hold was lifted only four months later. Heneghan was again
approved to operate as an AP, this time with Portfolio Man-
agers, Inc. (“PMI”).
   While Heneghan was registered as an associate of PMI,
Troyer began sending money to Heneghan personally in
April 2013, allegedly to take advantage of trading firm em-
ployee discounts. Between April 2013 and April 2015, these
back-channel investments written to Heneghan personally
(and delivered to his home) totaled approximately $82,000. In
contrast to the monthly account statements he received dur-
ing his first investment period, Troyer neither received nor
asked for any investment documentation during his second
investment period.
   Again, NFA scrutiny followed Heneghan to his new role
at PMI. On November 10, 2014 and September 8, 2015, the
NFA’s Compliance Department initiated examinations of
6                                                          No. 20-1422

PMI. Despite Troyer’s alleged substantial investment, no ac-
counts were listed with PMI for either Troyer or Heneghan at
that time. On December 21, 2015, the NFA issued a complaint
against PMI, Heneghan, and others, alleging routine use of
high-pressure sales tactics and materially misleading and de-
ceptive statements during customer sales solicitations.
   Although Troyer was comfortable during his initial invest-
ment period not knowing every detail of his investments with
Heneghan, his comfort waned toward the end of his second
investment period. During the summer of 2015, Heneghan
boasted to Troyer the account had increased to about
$525,000. When Troyer directed Heneghan to cash out the
fund and return the increased investment to him, “all hell
broke loose.”
    By February 26, 2016, the NFA resolved the PMI complaint
by issuing a decision to permanently bar Heneghan from NFA
membership, associate membership, and from acting as a
principal of an NFA Member. On May 8, 2016, in the wake of
the collapse of Troyer and Heneghan’s relationship, Troyer
filed a four-count complaint in the Northern District of Indi-
ana against several parties seeking accountability for
Heneghan’s allegedly fraudulent solicitation of funds from
Troyer for the purpose of purchasing commodities futures.1
On appeal, the NFA is the sole remaining defendant.


1  In the initial complaint, Troyer alleged that Heneghan and Olivier
Livolsi, another NFA Associate Member, violated the CEA (Counts I and
II) and that PMI and the NFA should be held vicariously liable for those
violations (Count III). He also alleged that the NFA failed to enforce the
CEA (Count IV). The district court granted Troyer’s motion to dismiss the
claims against Heneghan and Livolsi without prejudice. Troyer then filed
No. 20-1422                                                             7

    After being given the opportunity replead his claims
against the NFA, Troyer filed the operative second amended
complaint against the NFA.2 Following the district court’s de-
nial of his motion for relief from judgement under FRCP
60(b)(3), Troyer now appeals the district court’s grant of sum-
mary judgment to the NFA and corresponding denial of sum-
mary judgment for Troyer on his claim arising under 7 U.S.C.
§ 25(b) for failure to enforce NFA Bylaw 301.
                            II. Discussion
    We review a district court’s summary judgment ruling de
novo and consider the facts and draw all inferences in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Wigod v. Chi.
Mercantile Exch., 981 F.2d 1510, 1514 (7th Cir. 1992). Summary
judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
    At this stage in Troyer’s litigation, the only surviving claim
for appeal centers on the NFA’s alleged violation of the CEA
through its failure to enforce its own bylaws, specifically NFA


an amended complaint against the NFA and PMI, to which the NFA re-
sponded with a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. Troyer sub-
sequently moved to dismiss PMI with prejudice after reaching a settle-
ment, leaving the NFA as the sole remaining defendant.
2 In his second amended complaint, Troyer alleged that the NFA failed to
enforce the CEA (Count I) and that the NFA was vicariously liable for
Heneghan’s CEA violations (Count II). The court granted the NFA’s mo-
tion to dismiss Troyer’s Count II, but denied the NFA’s motion to dismiss
Troyer’s Count I. Troyer then moved for summary judgement on the re-
maining claim, and the NFA filed a corresponding cross-motion for sum-
mary judgment. The district court granted summary judgment to the
NFA.
8                                                  No. 20-1422

Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D). To hold a party liable under the CEA for
actual damages sustained by one engaged in futures transac-
tions, three elements must be shown: failure to enforce a re-
quired bylaw, bad faith, and causation. 7 U.S.C § 25(b)(2), (4).
First, the NFA must have “fail[ed] to enforce [a] bylaw or rule
that is required under section 21 of [the CEA].” Id. § 25(b)(2).
Second, the NFA must have “acted in bad faith in failing to
take action or in taking such action as was taken.” Id.
§ 25(b)(4). Third, the NFA’s “failure or action [must have]
caused the loss.” Id. Troyer appeals the district court’s find-
ings on each prong.
    Our analysis begins and ends with prong one: whether the
NFA failed to enforce NFA Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D) by not disqual-
ifying Heneghan from continued registration as an NFA As-
sociate Member and as an AP of any NFA-Member firm. By-
law 301(a)(ii)(D) bars persons from becoming or remaining
NFA Members or Associated Members if their conduct was
the cause of NFA expulsion. If “expulsion” excludes volun-
tary withdrawal under a settlement, the bylaw is inapplicable,
and Troyer’s CEA violation claim fails at the outset.
    Alleging Heneghan was “a cause of” the “expulsion” of
Statewide, Troyer claims that the NFA was required to imme-
diately terminate Heneghan’s membership as of July 28, 2011,
the date of the Statewide settlement. Troyer thus contests the
district court’s and the CFTC’s position that Statewide’s
agreement not to reapply represented a distinct sanction from
expulsion, one that does not trigger Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D). To
support his argument that the definition of expulsion encom-
passes an agreement not to reapply, Troyer attempts to distin-
guish the CFTC ruling in Peterson v. National Futures Asso-
ciation, CFTC No. CRAA-91-1, 1992 WL 289773 (Oct. 7, 1992)
No. 20-1422                                                   9

[hereinafter Peterson], while reframing the CFTC’s 1996 Inter-
pretative Statement, 17 C.F.R. pt. 3, app. A (2013) [hereinafter
Interpretative Statement] and the related Amendment to In-
terpretative Statement Regarding Statutory Disqualification
from Registration, 61 Fed. Reg. 58627-01 (Nov. 18, 1996) (cod-
ified at 17 C.F.R. pt. 3, app. A).
    Both Peterson and the Interpretative Statement center on
7 U.S.C. § 12a(3)(J) and (M), which authorize the CFTC to re-
fuse to register, or conditionally register, any person upon a
finding after opportunity for hearing that:
       (J) such person is subject to an outstanding or-
       der denying, suspending, or expelling such per-
       son from membership in a registered entity, a
       registered futures association, any other self-
       regulatory organization, or any foreign regula-
       tory body that the [CFTC] recognizes as having
       a comparable regulatory program or barring or
       suspending such person from being associated
       with any member or members of such regis-
       tered entity, association, self-regulatory organi-
       zation, or foreign regulatory body; [or]
       …
       (M) there is other good cause[.]
Id. § 12a(3)(J), (M).
    In Peterson, the NFA denied Leslie Peterson’s application
for CFTC registration as an AP on account of a past settlement
agreement to withdraw and never reapply to the New York
Mercantile Exchange, an exchange and self-regulatory organ-
ization. 1992 WL 289773, at *1. The CFTC vacated the NFA’s
decision and remanded for further proceedings, rejecting the
10                                                         No. 20-1422

argument that an agreement to permanently bar falls within
either § 12a(3)(J) or § 12a(3)(M).3 Id. at *3. Through this hold-
ing, the CFTC clarified that a withdrawal combined with
agreement never to reapply is not an order of expulsion, nor
does it, standing alone, constitute other good cause for statu-
tory disqualification. Id. at *3.
    On appeal, Troyer attempts—unpersuasively—to distin-
guish Peterson from the facts at hand. First, Troyer attempts to
frame the holding of Peterson in an advantageous light by ar-
guing the resulting rule is “not … that NFA could never treat
an agreement to withdraw from NFA membership as an ex-
pulsion under Section [12]a(3)(J)” but instead that “a settle-
ment to withdraw from membership in an exchange, in and
of itself, will not suffice as ‘good cause’ under Section
[12]a(3)(M).” Next, Troyer claims the facts contained within
the order accepting Statewide’s settlement offer provide the
admission of wrongdoing missing for the establishment of
good cause in Peterson.
    Undeterred by a possible rejection of his interpretation of
Peterson, Troyer next points to the Interpretative Statement.
These CFTC amendments to Title 17 of the Code of Federal
Regulations included changes to Chapter 1, Appendix A to
Part 3, regarding § 12a(3)(J) and (M). The Interpretative State-
ment clarifies that § 12a(2), (3), and (4) of the CEA “establish
a system of statutory disqualifications pursuant to which the
Commission may find an applicant or registrant unfit for reg-
istration and vest the Commission with wide discretion to
deny, condition, suspend, restrict or revoke the registration of


3In prior versions of the code, 7 U.S.C. § 12a was known as 7 U.S.C. § 8a.
Statutory references have been changed to § 12a for consistency.
No. 20-1422                                                  11

any person subject to one or more of the disqualifications set
forth therein.” 17 C.F.R. pt. 3, app. A. As part of a discussion
regarding the attempt to reapply following a settlement
agreement to not reapply, language in the Interpretative
Statement directly references § 12a(3)(M)’s “other good
cause” clause:
       [T]he [CFTC] interprets [§ 12a(3)(M)] to author-
       ize the [CFTC] to refuse to register, register con-
       ditionally or otherwise affect the registration of
       any person if such person has consented, in con-
       nection with an agreement of settlement with a
       contract market, a registered futures associa-
       tion, or any other self-regulatory organization,
       to comply with an undertaking to withdraw all
       forms of existing or pending registration and/or
       not to apply for registration with the [NFA] or
       the [CFTC] in any capacity. Such person’s effort
       to violate his or her prior undertaking to with-
       draw from and/or not to apply for registration
       shall be considered to constitute “other good
       cause” under paragraph (M). The [CFTC] be-
       lieves that allowing such a person to be regis-
       tered would be inappropriate and inconsistent
       with the intention of parties to the prior settle-
       ment agreement. The failure to withdraw or the
       attempt to register in the face of such an under-
       taking would indicate the lack of fair and honest
       dealing which the [CFTC] believes constitutes
       “other good cause” for denying, revoking or
       conditioning registration under the Act.
12                                                 No. 20-1422

17 C.F.R. pt. 3, app. A. Pertinent to Troyer’s argument on ap-
peal, the relevant portion of the Interpretative Statement con-
tinues, extending its discussion of violations of past agree-
ments to withdraw and never reapply to the applicability of
§ 12a(3)(J):
       The [CFTC] also believes that allowing registra-
       tion in such a situation would be inconsistent
       with … Section [12]a(3)(J), which authorizes the
       Commission to refuse to register or to register
       conditionally any person if he or she is subject
       to an outstanding order denying, suspending,
       or expelling such person from membership in a
       contract market, a registered futures associa-
       tion, or any other self-regulatory organization.
17 C.F.R. pt. 3, app. A. (emphasis added).
   Troyer takes the stance on appeal that the district court
took an impermissibly limited view of the Interpretative
Statement. Although the district court rejected Troyer’s claim
that the Interpretative Statement effectively reversed Peter-
son’s holding, he nonetheless argues that the Interpretative
Statement stands for the proposition that an agreement to
never reapply for NFA membership alone, without an at-
tempt to renege on that agreement, triggers the NFA’s duty to
enforce Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D).
    Troyer’s creative reading of the Interpretative Statement is
not convincing. Plain reading of the text of the interpretative
statement indicates that the paragraph in question, referenc-
ing both § 12a(3)(M) and (J), intends to provide guidance on
registration of applicants who apply despite having previ-
No. 20-1422                                                      13

ously “consented, in connection with an agreement of settle-
ment … to comply with an undertaking to withdraw … reg-
istration and/or not apply for registration.” 17 C.F.R. pt. 3,
app. A. Troyer concedes that the reference to § 12a(3)(M) in
the Interpretative Statement does specifically address the sit-
uation of an agreement to withdraw and never reapply fol-
lowed by an attempt to renege, but he alleges the reference to
§ 12a(3)(J) is not so constrained. In forming his conclusion
about § 12a(3)(J)’s broad applicability, Troyer ignores the fact
that these references are discussed in the same paragraph and
glosses over the fact that § 12a(3)(J) applicability is clearly lim-
ited by the linking language, “in such a situation.” 17 C.F.R.
pt. 3, app. A. Having just discussed an applicant attempting
to register in violation of a past agreement not to reapply, the
referenced “situation” is quite clear.
    We therefore affirm the district court’s holding that the
NFA did not fail to enforce Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D) because the
NFA did not “expel” Statewide. Through Peterson, the CFTC
firmly established that an “agreement not to reapply” is not
an “expulsion.” 1992 WL 289773. Because Bylaw 301(a)(ii)(D)
is triggered only by a suspension, expulsion, or order,
Troyer’s claim that factual contents within the order accepting
Statewide’s settlement offer almost certainly establish good
cause is irrelevant. Troyer’s textual argument rooted in the
1996 Interpretative Statement is not persuasive, and therefore
we see no reason to deviate from the district court’s logic.
    A successful claim under Section 25(b) of the CEA requires
failure to enforce a required bylaw, bad faith, and causation.
7 U.S.C. § 25(b). In sum, because Troyer cannot satisfy even
the first prong of a claim under § 25(b) of the CEA, his claim
fails, and our analysis appropriately ends here.
14                                            No. 20-1422

                     III. Conclusion
   For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the district
court’s grant of the NFA’s motion for summary judgment and
dismissal of Troyer’s motion for summary judgment.