Patel v. Hussain

OPINION

This appeal follows a plaintiffs jury verdict in a “revenge pom” Cáse.1 Specifically, appellee Nadia Hussain sued appellant Akhil Patel, alleging that after the couple broke up, Patel hounded her with a slew of offensive and threatening communications, hacked or attempted to hack her accounts, and posted secretly recorded sexual videos of Nadia on the Internet. The jury found in Nadia’s favor on her claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED), intrusion on seclusion, public disclosure' of private facts, and defamation. The jury awarded her damages totaling $500,000, including past and future mental anguish damages, past and future reputa*158tion damages,, and. exemplary damages. The trial court signed a final judgment for $500,000 in damages and a permanent injunction.

On appeal, Patel does not challenge the evidence supporting the liability allegations. Instead, in six issues, Patel contends the trial court erred by (1) denying his motion for JNOV on the defamation claim because the jury found that the publication was substantially true; (2) denying his motion for JNOV because the trial court’s judgment violated the one-satisfaction rule; (3) awarding damages attributable to Nadia’s claim for IIED because this “gap filler” tort was unavailable in the context of this case; (4) awarding mental anguish damages in the judgment because Nadia’s stipulation concerning her social media posts established that Nadia did not have a substantial disruption to her daily routine; (5) awarding mental anguish damages because the evidence is legally and factually insufficient; and (6) awarding exemplary damages when the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support mental anguish damages '

We sustain Patel’s first and third issues and overrule the others. Thus, we modify the trial court’s judgment to remove the damages associated with the defamation and IIED. claims and affirm the judgment as modified, resulting in a judgment of $345,000.

I.BACKGROUND2

A. The Relationship, Pictures, and Videos

Nadia and Patel began a relationship in high school and had an “on-and-off ’ dating relationship for about seven years. Nadia is Muslim and Patel is Hindu, which caused difficulties during the relationship. They broke up in late 2010. During the relationship, Nadia emailed several pictures of herself to Patel that showed her topless and wearing only underwear. Nar dia asked Patel to delete the pictures after she sent them. He didn’t. Also during the relationship, Patel recorded videos of Skype (video chat) conversations during which Nadia undressed herself and masturbated. Nadia did nob consent to being recorded.3

B. Patel’s Frequent Contact and Threats

Patel continued to contact Nadia after they broke up déspite Nadia and her mother, Sakina, telling him to stop in December 2010. At first, Nadia engaged Patel. Patel’s father emailed Nadia in April 2011, asking her to “Please send him a message telling him he has to move on with his life and to leave you alone otherwise you .will have to call the authorities for st[al]king you.” Patel sent Nadia text messages in July 2011 because he wanted to talk with her. She did not respond to most of his text messages. The trial court admitted screenshots of the text messages into evidence, including the following from early July:4

Patel: Retaliation.you think this is retaliation? ??????? Haha retaliation woulda been something totally diff nadia but, THINK back you fuckin genius did I? ? ?

*159Patel: I’m going to give you until 6pm to come up with a better response nadia.

Nadia: ORWHATAKHIL

Patel: Hahha look how quick u respond when you FEEL like ur gonna get hurt ,. do you care about taring me hahahha NOPE.!

Patel: Or what.? ? ? ? Hahah nadia think about it.like I said 6pm to give a better response.

Patel: Do you hold back from anything when you talk to me or the way you act with me . NO, why do you EXPECT ME TO DO THE SAME NADIA? ? ? ? HUH WHY? ? ? ?

Patel: Times up!

Patel: I hope you are happy now!

Patel: You have never given me a chance . and I have given you numerous, times up for you.like I said in the car rmr those-words.

Patel: [Link to a YouTube video]

Patel: Em going to give you until 630pm to come up with, a better response nadia.

Patel: It’s privatized nadia.

Patel: What now u amt gonna respond or what? ? ?

Patel: You know what fuck it.

Patel: If officially lost you right .... what do I have to lose .....

Patel: I’m tired of being ur bitch all the time .... haha all I wanted was to be fíne ... .this is gonna help you cause this is ur health, thank me later.

Patel: [Link to a YouTube video]

Patel: That’s the legit link .... I gave u a chance and u decided to treat me like a dog

Patel: And if that didn’t work .... cheek ur email .... o wait u prolly have all my emails blocked hahah even tho I barely email you hahahah-hahahahah

Patel: Hahahhahaah you don’t have to be like this anymore. Your done.

Patel: And we both know what’s gonna happen now . right? ? ? ? ? ?

Patel: Family will- be very ashamed

[[Image here]]

Patel: You could have prevented this, that’s what’s FUCKING FUNNY. - You didn’t fuckin get what I asked for and u acted in an inappropriate way.

Patel: Stop crying in ur room nadia you had to think at one point you treating me like this was gonna back fire, hah-ha and yet still ur video is private you want me to send it to your mom? ? ? ? ? FUCKING ANSWER ME NADIA?

Patel: Don’t worry like I said only people with the link can view it!! Hahah

Patel: [Link to a YouTube video]

Patel: [Link to a YouTube video]

Patel: That’s the least of your worries

Patel: U need to learn, how to respect people and stop hanging up on people.

Patel: You still have a chance nadia just FYI.

Patel: Unlike you, regardless of how . you treat me_I still -wanna give you a chance, and not say anything to your mom

Patel: [Link to YouTube video]

Patel: Ya and those pics u sent me too gotta see if the google techs can rwcover those too _\ so you can post those too!! So than again more • guys! For you that’s what you wanted right to go thru a bunch of guys!! You warm up to them easily . hahah but can’t talk to a guy that uve known for 7 years ... and were in a relationship and wanted to marry and start a family with .... again u said the above text that’s why I’m say in *160this to you ... .jus hurts that u ignore.

Patel: 'YES! According "to á guy I know from UT who' works at google, they can recover it ...5 it’ll take a couple of days, but then I can give it to you so whenever u go on ur date you can give it to him

Patel: Look how much fun I can have with your family ... esp since I know 'all of them, and-ur couz like me and -■ think I’m good for you — [link to YouTube video]

Patel: You have until Saturday.

The text messages continued a few weeks later:'

Patel: No nadia its done.I’m sick and tired of how you treat me.

Patel: I knew you would do this to me which is why I went and, got my laptop fixed .... my gut told, me that once you know that my laptop was fucked tip and that I deleted those pics ;.. ud disrespéct me.

Patel: Best buy fixed my laptop in fact and restored everything. Nadia. It took you 5 days to respond to me asking if you needed space. Nadia I’m not a dumbass, your mom told me you- were busy so you might not have texted for that reason. Nadia, you prolly text and call people on the norm, but. no not akhil for what?. ? ? ? You don’t know nadia. ■ I’m tired of you disrespecting me.

Patel: Stuff I say, yes nadia everyone says stuff out of frustration even you. I just miss you and miss talking about random stuff and having fun! ■ Ill give you space

Nadia: I don’t go to the extent of retrieving life threatening information just to threaten.

Patel: I didn’t.

Patek I didn’t even threaten you that’s the funny thing.

Patel continued a few days later:

Patel: I’m fucking done. Treat me like ■ shit. Continue it.

Patel: U don’t tellur mom shit on how u treat'me, but ur mom thinks I’m some horrible person.

Patel: Go watch ur video and know that I have it all' 30 min of it '

Patel: And now I’m gonna mess with you just like you messed with me, and rmr this, your friends say a lot

Patel: And now I have found the website, xvideos.com. I will send the link later tonight.5

Patel: [Link to YouTube video]

Patel: Already on youtube ... and it has 2 views!

Patel: Congrats uve fucked ur own life up and best believe imma email ph tomorrow with the email along with those other videos of you.6

Patel: Hahahahhahahahahha you FUCKED UP NADIA' BIG TIME.

Patel: You .ignoring me like I just told your mom is the worst thing you can do.

Patel: Aight imma see you on Sunday that’s cool!

Patel: And I know where ph is that’s cool! Call the. cops I haven’t done anything

Patel: [email address for Nadia’s grandfather]'. don’t worry I got you.

*161Patel: I haven’t done anything! Hahha-hah trust me keep messin with me

Patel: Hahha I’m with ronak and rajiv .... and they said u deleted them!? ? 7

Patel: On facebook hahahhaa ur soo wack I jus showed them ur video.

Nadia responde^ a few days later and told Patel she was “tired of being scared” of him. The messages continued:

Patel: Who’s scared?

Patel: Obv you amt cause nadia what THE FUCK DON’T YOU GET DUMMY

Patel: WHY THE FUCK CAN’T YOU BE NICE TO ME FOR ONCE SHIT!!? ? ? ? ? ?

Patel; So either way imma lose you.... ? ? ? ? When I have done nothing to you .... but no its ok for ' you TO HURT ME THAT’S FINE, BUT IF I SAY ANYTHING, ILL LOSE YOU NO MATTER WHAT, HOW IS THAT FAIR? ? ? ? ?

Patel: Lol i’ve already apologized to you, yet you haven’t all you do is continue to push me, push me to do something towards you so you have a reason to say “you lost me” like I don’t get why the fuck you do this, this is your life and mine, yet u think it’s a fucking game.

Patel: If you can’t pick up the damn phone then at least text nadia shit

Patel: And I’m tired of bending over backwards and always following you, when all I fuckin wanted was to talk fíne. why are you making this so'fuckin hard? ? ?

Nadia: We can’t be fine!!

Patel: And don’t lie you know u arnt scared, why would you be scard con-siderin if never done anything.

Patel: Hahah ya we can but you won’t let us!! Cause you think I have some plan under my sleeve nadia what don’t you fucking get

Patel: Every good convo we have, you fucking ruin it for no reason

Patel: Its ur fault what don’t you get smart girl!? ?

Patel: Think about that for once and you will see that I’m right. You don’t ever have to ignore someone like you do to me. ‘

Patel: And what are u givin me options?!

Patel: What do you get out of this? ? ?

Nadia: What, dp you get out of threatening me?

Patel: Who did that?

Nadia: I know why I ignore you you scare the shit out of me why would I want to be friends with someone who does that to me?

Patel ultimately apologized for saying “a lot of messed up things to you that I shouldn’t have,” acknowledged that he “fucked up” and “said so much shit,” and claimed he would never hurt her arid was only talking out of frustration. , The conversation turned to the video recordings:

Nadia: You recorded, me akhil..without my consent, do you know how bad that is? And in top of that you threaten to expose me with it? ?

Patel: Recorded you, you act like I did it on purpose, I recorded you smoking yes. But it recorded everything on my comp not just you nadia. I’ve gotten worse? ? ? How have I, . I’ve done nothing to you, I said stuff *162jus outta anger because of how you treat me.

Patel: Have I exposed you?

Patel: Those videos were taken when we were together, when you said you were faithful, and you were not.

Patel continued with a barrage of texts for days, telling Nadia that she was rude, disrespecting him, and causing the problems. He also sent her a list of email addresses for people who she knew with the message, “You know what step two is.” He continued:

Patel: You keep on hurting me and I will build up a list. What I am asking for isn’t hard to do or give. You are making it like that for no reason.

Patel: As you sit there laughing at me nadia, I just laugh harder knowing what I have. The choice is yours.

Nadia repeatedly asked to be left alone, but Patel continued to contact her. He resumed texting her at the beginning of August, including these among other messages:

Patel: I am trying to be nice but you are' taking it too far nadia. If you tell me things maybe than Ill know what to do. Like you get so scared about ur pics and vids and emails but I didn’t do anything cause I don’t want to. You make me. And you don’t have to, as long as you stop ignoring me and just tell me something damn na-dia.

Patel: And if you really piss me off nadia chris Charles is going to look at you in a whole new way. N so will owais, prolly never thought he would see that side of u8

Patel: But you can all make this go away and Ill never bring anything up and Ill in fact just delete everything if you jus stop ignoring me.

Patel: You know what, I’ve “lost” you anyways right? So screw it. [Link to YouTube video]

Patel: When someone texts you, esp if the supposedly have your life in then-possession, why would you ignore them? ?. ? See you ask for this, what did I do so wrong to you nadia? ?

Patel: What the fuck is wrong with you?!?

About a week later, there were more texts over several days:

Patel: You can run away from my texts all you want, but people amt going to run away from their emails.you keep pushing me to be like you, one day I WILL!

Patel: You are going to ruin your mothers bday for no reason.

Patel: Tomorrow owais is going to see your boobs!

Patel: And ali q and sahir waseem.9

Patel: [unidentified email address]

Patel: [unidentified email address with “waseem” in the address]

Patel: I supposedly have ur life in my hands and u still treated me like crap!

Around the time that Patel was sending Nadia these messages, Patel visited her workplace. He would call her there, as well, on the business’s only telephone line. He also had flowers delivered to her.

Patel sent Nadia an email on October 1, 2011:

So we both know this will never turn out good if you continue to act like this *163nadia. [...] all of this is your fault!!! You are hurting your own mothers health by your antics, .i just hope you know that. [.,.] July 31st you wanted to act like a hardass and tell me whatever you wanted to tell me. But as soon as i say something along the lines of returning the favor back to you, you throw a fit, delete me off of facebook, get an app that blocks my. numbers, and so on. All that does is add more fuel to the fire and I am glad you are doing that. I already gave your mom á date when i feel like I will' be fed up with all this. Unlike you, I don’t listen to my friends even though they say to go ahead and send whatever you need to, teach her a lesson, and then get it over with.' You listen to your friends when they tell you to jump [,..] you went out and had fun with everyone, neda and ali q.. Since they are your GREATEST friends nadia i will be sure to let them know whats going on as well. You are the only one that can stop all of thig, by just being a better person and actually communicating with me. You know you are wrong in doing this but yet you still do it. [... ] Before all this picture/video stuff came out you ignored me for now reason during December and on my own FREAKING BIRTHDAY!!!! and then you make it seem like you didn’t do antying wrong, but nadia we both know you could have handled that situation a lot differently and maybe we wouldri’t be in this damn mess. Its time you are held accountable for your actions.

Patel texted Nadia again over the course of several days in late October 2011:

Patel: [—■] I do have your nana n nani’s number, you really don’t know how . bad I just want to text them ..those pics, and stuff, WHY THE FUCK CANT YOU. JUST REPLY SO .. WE CAN END THIS!!!!!? ?!?!?!■?!?10

Patel: YOU HAVE HURT ME SOO MUCH NADIA. DO I want to RUIN YOUR REP!!!! yes i do very much so, prolly because im frustrated, but will i do

Patel: All I want is some kind of response, if I don’t get that at least, even a single “A”, imma act like you IMMATURE and send stuff to spite/ . hurt you cause you love to hurt me . soo much so I guess I will return the favor, im tired of being hurt by you

Patel: thanks for nana n nanis number, they will get involved now too since you cant MAN UP to your decisions, they get pic msgs nadia

Patel: Go and hide behind ur phone, you . will see me one day either I will come to ph or at talhas wedding and don’t make any faces to me then cause ill get on the dj’s comp and play ur video.11

Patel: You tell your mom about the videos? ? What about nana or uncle or co workers like Rachel? ? ? ?

Patel: Oh ya nadia I have something far more valuable of yours than those stupid pics

Patel: I sent that to chris and amanda, I’m sorry it had to come to this. Hope you don’t get fired.12

Patel: Ahh yes and your father, I have his contact info as well nadia, I know *164you don’t really care for him too much but still.

Patel: [....] I’m going to make sure each one of your family members knows about those pics n vids and when I say family I mean nana nani mom uncle bhabi dad13

Patel: [ .... ] wisen up, or learn a lesson the hard way. I have nanas email and his cell phone. Along with nanis phone. I could jus mail the pics to the house if that’s what you want!?

Patel: Just sent you and your mom that pic14

Patel: I’m glad you don’t worry about your nana or nani

Patel: I’m going to call your work again until you realize you cant treat people like this!

Patel texted Nadia again, during the middle of the night, over the course of several days in January 2012:

Patel: Like I told you earlier and just now. I asked for something simple. You are asking me to come to PH you know that.? ? ? ?

Patel: You fucked up ...... and now, not me, you will pay the price because I’ve been nice

Patel: Tomorrow your mom is going to find out what you did.

Patel: And so is your nana nani and uncle

Patel: I would say a lot to you ... but imma wait ....and let your mom nana nani uncle and bhabi know what you have done.

Patel: You think you are sooo smart ... wait until tomorrow. Confess to ur nana then nadia. Tired of ur shit

Patel: Your mom nana etc need to realize how rude of a person you are.

Patel:' Your action or lack thereof will cause/determine my reaction.

C. Continued Harassmént, Uploading the Video, and Hacking

■ In January and February 2012, Nadia started receiving text messages from unknown and unverified numbers, Nadia believed the texts were from Patel15 and that Patel had been discovering information about her whereabouts, purchases, and activities based on texts such as these:

Patel: Hurd u like bangin texmex guys! Lmfao

Patel: juz cuz u got caught wit the texmex

Patel: i c u! sittin near da door ill come ’ say hi in a bit.

Patel: stp rackin up shi .on the credit gurl! debt getting hi:=(

Patél: howz da new spot gurl!?

Patel: howz da new 14!?!?!?! ? gud recep with vzn? lmfao16

In February 2012, Nadia began receiving emails from her email service provider stating that she had been trying, to recover her account password, although she had not been doing so. The emails came almost every.other week. Nadia filed a police report on March 8, 2012, to report Patel’s harassing conduct and possible *165breach of computer security. She reported that she received upwards of 20 to 30 text messages and phone calls per day.

Nádia lived with her grandparents and mother, Sakina, at the time. Sakina testified that Patel would prank call the -house multiple times per day at all hours, including 1:00 a.m. and 2:00 a.m. He did this for several years. They would have to leave the phone off the hook at night and block his calls. - Nadia testified that she changed her phone number multiple times, but Patel kept discovering it and contacting her. She put an application on her phone that would only allow certain contacts to reach her, but she believed Patel was impersonating her contacts, calling her, and hanging up.17

Police officers spoke with Patel in March 2012 and told him to stop contacting Na-dia. He didn’t. Shortly after the police spoke with him, he emailed Sakina:'

[...] This week coming up its nadias birthday. Since you and her think its funny that calling the cops on someone for your own problems when they have nothing to do with it, will somehow solve them, I will let you two go ahead and think like that. You seem to be a very smart woman, so you should be able to anticipate what my gift to nadia will be this year! [18] You can relay the information to her as well that before she laughs at the fact that she called the cops on an innocent person she may want to remember what she has put out there. [...] Similar to what both of y’all did, getting my family and Mends as well as me involved into your own lifes problems, she should anticipate hers getting involved to, all thanks to y’alls decision to try and ruin my life.

Then, Patel uploaded Nadia’s videos to the Internet.19 The trial court admitted print-outs from a pornographic website showing Nadia’s videos oh the Internet with the title “Pakistani Nadia Houston.”20 The text messages continued from March 2012 through August 2012:

Patel: Your vid is up online. Congrats to you and your family' — over 2000 ppl have viewed what you do in your bed. ■

Patel: You seem to be very popular amongst the guys, they can’t stop watching you! 5000 views with your name on it! .

’Patel: Who knew your pictures an videos would draw such a big audience? Not only did 5000 men and women watch you, 300 downloaded your videos!

Patel: All T asked for was respect and you couldn’t do that 9 months-1 year ago. You listened to your friends rather than be nice

Patel: The biggest question is what kind of explanation are you going to have for nana and nani oh ya and mamu-jaan? You should think about all that

Patel: Especially when they find out via email/social media/etc ... they will be heartbroken. man that’ll so sad:(.

Patel: Blame yourself and your attitude for everything that is happening.

*166Patel; Your “im invincible” attitude is what brings pain, shame, and disrespect to your family nadia. YOUR VIDEOS AND PICS BRING ALL THAT.

Patel: Why do you insist on trying to ruin my life? ? Ive sent nothing out yet you try and ruin everything ive worked hard for in my life

Patel: You got the wrong people involved, ur shit is still out there, and you and ur moms lies and bs are the reason gp is going to get some mail.

Patel: [Link to xxxvideos website with “nadiah” in the link address]

Patel: (your video on youtube) [Link to YouTube video]

Patel: [Link to YouTube video] Can’t wait to hear what nana/nani/razama-mu/bhabi think of this .... gonna be epic

Patel: How did you like your video? ? Ready for rd 2? ? That’s when they get good .. those are some that the fam has got to see!!:) raza!!

Patel: [email address for employee at Nadia’s employer] wow! This is gonna be great cannot wait to see wht Monday has to bring! Coworkers getting a lil peep:)

Patel: as much as you may not want to belief it ... .we BOTH get off on the fact that we hurt each other a lot ... .we both know what we are Doing is hurting the other person ... yet we continue to do it. [... ]

Patel: The movies are where your shit gets exposed, when your nana finds the pcitures in the mail ... .you know he is going to disown you .., ifthekar!

Patel: Hmm my video on youtube is down ... so that mustbe because of you ... now I’m going to make sure you live the life uve made me live ... have fun

Patel: Your family friends and other ppl in your life are gonna see your naked videos ... they are on the internet already, beat of my own drum F U!

Patel: that it will B posted, I CU told youtube 2 take down YR video, that will cont. nadia. I don’t have respect 4 U and YR mom be of how u both have treated me, but yet for some reason i still care. You made a big mistake a year ago ... .ive dealt with the pain, which has made me want to send something just to spite you. So jus accept that this is never going to go away nadia

Patel: And you better expect that, that particular individual, you know I’m referring too will be getting your fuckin videos and pics nadia.

Patel: You may want to try and get home early to check the mail . pictures and dvd are in the mail. Being patient with you has come to an end.

Patel: And run thru to your mamus house to ... he was added to the mailing list too.you crosse dht eline with what you did. beat of my own drum FUCK YOU

Patel: I would check the mailbox and the windshields of ur cars ... .may start putting your naked pictures in/on them hahaha and ur uncles house too

Patel: You want this to end? ? Then keep the promise ... and you know how to get in touch with me .

Patel: Hope you have a good weekend and good next week!;) would hate to miss what the bbb finds out! Ur in trouble

Patel: Get ready this week, its going down ... .now you will see why “this is happening” and ur not going to like it. Neither is ur mom

*167Patel: Don’t try and hide ... I told you ill get all those files to that particular person and we both know who I’m talkin about and what ur doing!

Patel: You ready!?! We are the same people its too carzy ... .just like you, hurting others is just in our nature

Patel: You arnt that slick nadia . its going to happen, don’t let this break fool you, you will receive the same you dished to me, believe that.

Patel: I can’twait to ruin ur life with ur fucking naked pics and videos.... [Nadia’s work email address] or w/e I’mdef gonna send it u fucking bitch

Patel: [Link to YouTube video] here you go just found this on the tube!

Patel: Curious to see what Mr. Hussain thinks about that as well.[phone number] -

Patel: And your mother ... she should see what you send guys in the past and the present and future ... .you love showing guys your naked body huh!!? ?

Patel: I notice uve seen ur video like 5 times ... .don’t tell youtube ... .you asked for this Nadia Hussain, I tried to be civil with you but no ...

Patel: One way or another people are going to see the pics/videos don’tmake this harder for you your fam and that individual, you shamed ur family.

Patel: Can’t wait to see ur reaction at fpsf

Patel: [Link to YouTube video] that would be weird if chris and Amanda go this ... or even cnj

Patel: Can’t stop SOCIAL MEDIA!! Nice complaint btw. I see u are very proactive in protecting your image, bring shame to ur fam for ur friends lol

Patel: Have fun this weekend ... .this is what u get for causing me soo much pain ... [two phone numbers] u screwed up nadia, you love to get naked.

Patel: Stop messing with the youtube videos, people wnt to see this stuff. 1900 ppl viewed the entire video, maybe its time to upload again na-dia!:)

Patel: Good morning! I hope your having a swell day! Your video is up on youtube again, just gotta search for it, thnk bout wat u did n ull find it

Patel: [image]

Patel: Attachment(s) photo.jpg removed

Patel: Attachment(s) photojpg removed!] Next one to nana

Patel: (:)) Have fun this weekend! You like this so I will too! You get happy hurting me.so I’ve grown into the same person. You try and hide it all but its th

Patel: You should def google ur name ... some interesting stuff I.e. videos come up! This is me telling u, ur videos are online not youtube!:)

Patel: The great thing about the element of surprise is knowing you will never know when your nana will receive your pics and videos!:)

Patel: Now that I have ur attention ... I wouldn’t do anything dumb, its already off! You need to live up to ur end of the deal.@

Patel: You the pictures? FUCK YOU! Lol

Patel: Got EM hahahah

Patel: 02/02:,mp4 on your mobile

Patel: 01/02:Download softcore nadia hussain Houston texas for ... www. adultwave.mobl/videos-nadia-hussa ... download softcore nadia hussain Houston texas for free 3gp

*168In November 2012, Nadia’s Apple ID password was changed, and the notification email was addressed to “Akhil Patel.” She did -not change the password. The text messages resumed in November 2012 and continued through March 2013:

Patel: You’ve been exposed live with it, it’s your fault that everyone has- seen you. Blame yourself not others. You did it.

Patel: . Whatever you didn’t want exposed was. You wanted to become famous. Now you are an Internet . sensation! Hope you’re happy!

Patel: Lol it’s funny to think that you have fun even though there are naked videos of you posted for everyone to see!!!!! Fuck you! ' '

Patel: What is the difference between you and a ' porn star? ? ? _hint-ends in “thing”, yup you got iiNOTHING!!:) hope your' fam is proud

Patel: Sorry, but you have brought this upon yourself. When you go back to your apt your nana n nani will get your pictures/videos.

Patel: your videos are on the laptops at the apple store in the galleria FYI

Patel: You called me?

Patel: If you have something to say then just say it. No need' to call me.

Patel: You can just text me your nonsense. Go to the apple storé galleria asap!

Patel: Just FYI again do not delay, alot of people go to that store that you possibly know.

Patel: Especially people from work.

Patel: I hope you went to' the apple store. Your attitude was your biggest weakness and now that has-translated in being your mistake!!!

Patel: Mistake = you and your family being humiliated. Accept that you have been seen by everyone, embrace it, it’s still out there ■

Patel: Check the mail either today or tomorrow! Your naked pictures are on the way!!

Patel: [nine-digit number]

Patel: Looking back at your actions and emails, u should realize why everything has happened and-it’ll continue You made ur own life hell

Patel: Your video is1 on Spankwire again. Just FYI

Patel: 2013 is going to be so much worse than 2012. The Internet is huge you will never find out where it’s posted. Fam is goto to suffer

Patel: I should have put your naked pictures oh your car and the other cars outside the house tonight. You can let nana find them!!! ■

Patel: 7 more days!!! Then: you and sakina will know never to talk shit. ,2013>2012!! Nana- will be in the know!! [the nine-digit number from earlier text]

Patel: The video was a hit, how' do you feel superstar [... ]

Patel: Must be a wóird feeling knowing that your friends and people you know have seen'you naked and playing with yourself huh?!?:)

Patel: I just a disturbing video of you, what is going on.

Patel: You are fucked. I got the number and now it’s on. I can’t wait to see the look on your dumbass face when you hear what was sent.

Patel: Get ready-.,.. its all coming!!!! :) —> :( for you and your family! •

Patel: Fuck you, I love when you are hurt. I am going to post your-videos - online, 50k hits should be easy to hit. BITCH!!

*169Patel: wanted 2 do this 4 a long time and now I will. I have YR family’s email along W YR apartment address. FUCK U WHORE

Patel: email going out this Sunday to [sakina’s email address] and to raza with your videos you will never live this down ... hows life now!!?!?

Patel: [nine-digit number] and [nine-digit number from earlier texts] SS#21 ■

Meanwhile in February 2013, Nadia received multiple te^ts from Verizon indicating that her password had been reset, although she did not reset it. Nadia testified that she would get “constant messages—I mean every day—that my passwords were changed.” Ultimately she put restrictions on her Verizon account so no changes could be made unless she went into a store and presented identification. She also testified that she “would get credit inquiries’ often—cards, you know, saying that I opened an account or that I attempted to.”

Nadia sued Patel in March 2013. She stopped receiving the communications from Patel and the password-reset notifications at that time.

D. Nadia’s Mental Anguish

Nadia testified that when .Patel told her he had her videos, she felt devastated and horrified. She was scared of Patel, and she did not know who to talk to or where to turn. She testified about how; .her life has been affected since the videos were uploaded:

It’s humiliating. I don’t—I don’t know who has seen these videos.. I don’t know—I’m scared of who has seen them. There is no way of me knowing. I feel like I can’t face anyone. It’s humiliating.

[[Image here]]

Again I don’t—I don’t know if someone’s interested in me because they have seen these videos. I don’t know what they will feel like if they come across these after awhile.

[[Image here]]

Again I don’t know who I can face. I don’t know who has seen these. I don’t know what they are talking about.

[[Image here]]

It was traumatizing. I didn’t know what I—I didn’t know what I could do_ I didn’t want to face anyone. I thought of me literally moving and telling my mom my number just so she could contact me.

[[Image here]]

It was bad. I mean, that was bad. The threats were bad. I was—it was before that where—there was a point where I just wanted to give up.

Nadia testified that she never told her grandparents the full extent of what happened because it was embarrassing. Na-dia testified that she “felt like a liability” living at home with her mother and grandparents because Patel kept calling the house frequently in the middle of the night. They would have to take the phone off the hook. And she testified that she “wanted to take [herself] out of that situation.” So she moved into an apartment of her own. She testified about -the apartment:

I chose an apartment with burglar bars. I put things in front of my window sill. I never open my blinds. I’m just—I don’t know what—I don’t know what he is capable of doing. I’m scared all the time.

She testified that she had the owner of the apartment install an additional lock.

*170As a result of the constant contact from Patel and her account passwords being changed, Nadia felt like she had no privacy and she “couldn’t get away from him.” When asked how it would affect her future, Nadia testified:

Again I don’t know—like if I were to date, I don’t know if this person is interested in me because they have seen my video. I don’t know what they will feel if they know this. I don’t know if I can trust anyone again.

Nadia also expressed concern about an employer declining to hire her because of her videos: “Because again all they have to do is Google my name. What if that prevents me from getting a job.” She testified she thought an employer would not hire her because of the nature of the videos and the websites that they are on.22

Nadia testified that she had “not really” seen a therapist for her mental anguish, but she saw a “licensed professional” a couple of times shortly before trial. She did not see one earlier because she was embarrassed and because she could not afford it. Nadia testified that she missed about five days of work as a result of the ordeal.

Sakina testified about how she would hear Nadia crying in her room while talking on the phone. Over time, Nadia went from crying to screaming. When Sakina confronted Nadia about it, Nadia was shaking and could only talk in between crying. Nadia was embarrassed. Because of Patel’s threats, Sakina was in fear for Nadia’s life “[a]ll the time.” Sakina testified that as a result of the ordeal, Nadia suffered from a loss of confidence: “she was not even a fraction as confident as she always was.”

In the fall of 2012, Nadia took off work for a few days to stay with a close friend, Ana Chowdhry, in Huntsville. Nadia was afraid to be by herself. Chowdhry testified that Nadia did not feel safe in her own home because Patel knew where she lived and had come there looking for her. Chowdhry testified that Nadia “changed a lot” as a result of the situation with Patel. Now, Nadia “would just look like she is nervous all the time.” Nadia used to be more involved in the Muslim community, but since the situation in 2011 and 2012, she has become less involved. Chowdhry testified that all of their mutual friends, everyone who knew both Chowdhry and Nadia, were talking about Nadia’s video. Chowdhry explained that the release of the video ruined or affected Nadia’s reputation within the Muslim community because in their community, “[y]ou have to be extra careful about what you do in front of people.” Because people were finding out about the videos—“something so embarrassing”—it was “hard for her and people thought things.”

Another one of Nadia’s close friends, Rabiya Jahved, testified that Nadia stayed overnight a few times with Jahved because Nadia was “scared to go home” and “scared that Mr. Patel was going to know where she was.” Nadia would ask Jahved if Nadia could park her car in Jahved’s garage so Patel would not know where Nadia was. Nadia was afraid that someone would be looking for her car. Nadia would even ask Jahved to store Nadia’s phone number on Jahved’s cell phone under a fictitious name “because she is so scared that someone might see it and give it to him or he might hack into it and see her name.”

*171Jahved. also testified about the “big difference” in Nadia’s involvement in the community after the situation with Patel. Nadia “used to come out a lot” with their group of friends, but now she pretty much only hangs out with Jahved and Chow-dhry. She does not hang out with the people they.used to mutually hang out with because Nadia “feels uncomfortable and embarrassed because everyone knows about it or has questions about it.” Nadia has become a very private person since 2012 and has become very protective of her privacy. According to Jahved, Nadia tells people, “[D]on’t tell anyone I am here. Don’t post a picture of me. [Patel] will know I am here or don’t tag me don’t do this.” Jahved testified that the situation with the video has “just been hell for [Nadia].”

Nadia’s former coworker and college classmate, Chris Charles, testified about Nadia’s condition: “I know that this conflict has caused mental anguish with Na-dia.” He explained, “I’v.e seen Nadia in pain and frightened states of being.” ■ He elaborated on one occasion that Patel came to visit Nadia when she was in college: she was scared and upset, lost her focus, and worried about what Patel was capable of doing. Charles testified about another time that Nadia thought she saw Patel 'at their work when -Charles -and Nadia had gone out to lunch: Nadia suddenly stopped talking, she was very stiff, she was frightened, and she did not want to get out of the car.

Another of Nadia’s former coworkers, Rachel Rothberg, testified about when Patel came to their place of employment: Nadia “seemed very flustered and panicked” and she “couldn’t really focus on whatever she was working on.” When Patel would call Nadia at work, she became distressed. Rothberg testified, “Nar dia would express to me fear that he was around,” and Rothberg had seen Nadia cry over this issue. Rothberg referred to this as a “horrible situation” for Nadia.

Patel also adduced evidence that Nadia continued to engage in some of the activities that she enjoyed, such as going on trips, attending concerts, and hanging out with friends. The trial court admitted hundreds of pictures and posts from social media that were made after Patel uploaded Nadia’s video to the Internet, which showed Nadia with friends and attending events. Nadia’s counsel stipulated in front of the jury that the pictures showed Nadia “outside of her house engaged in normal day-to-day activities.”23<