Troy v. RFD-TV The Theater, LLC

OPINION

delivered the opinion of the court, in which

This appeal arises out of a breach of contract action filed by a musical performer after the defendant venue owner can-celled the show in which the plaintiff performed. The trial court found in favor of the plaintiff performer and ordered the *553defendant to pay $70,744 in damages for breach of contract, $59,864.18 in prejudgment interest, and $90,000 in attorney’s fees. The defendant appeals, arguing that the awards of prejudgment interest and attorney’s fees were erroneous according to Nebraska law, which the parties chose to govern their contract. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

I. Facts & Procedural History

Plaintiff Troy L. Boswell is a musical performer and a resident of Goodlettsville, Tennessee. He is professionally known as “Leroy Troy.” Defendant RFD-TV The Theater, LLC (the “Theater”) owns and operates a musical venue in Branson, Missouri. On February 5, 2007, the Theater entered into an entertainment services agreement (the “Contract”) with Boswell. Pursuant to the Contract, the Theater agreed to purchase from Boswell “[m]usical performances for the 2007 season,” with a starting date of March 1, 2007, and an ending date of October 31, 2007. The Contract listed 21 dates during that period when Boswell would be unavailable, due to previous bookings, and the parties agreéd that a pro-rata amount of $715 per day would be deducted from Boswell’s weekly fee for those absences. The Contract provided that Boswell’s shows would last no more than 45 minutes, and he would perform no more than ten shows per week. However, the specific show dates and times were “[t]o be determined and mutually agreed upon by both parties.”

The Contract provided that from March 1 until the opening date of the venue, the Theater would pay Boswell $2,500 per week for rehearsals. Once the venue opened to the public, the Theater would pay Boswell $5,000 per week for the services provided. The Theater agreed to pay a $5,000 deposit to Boswell upon execution of the agreement, which would be applied to the payment for the final week of the contract term. The Contract also contained the following provisions:

BREACH OF CONTRACT. In the event of any action, suit or proceeding arising from or based on this agreement brought by either party hereto against the other, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover from the other its reasonable attorney’s fees in connection therewith in addition to the costs of that action, suit or proceeding.

GOVERNING LAW. This Agreemént shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Nebraska.1

The parties agree that the Theater paid Boswell the $5,000 deposit as an advance payment for his final week of performances, and it also paid him $2,500 per week for rehearsals from March 1 until March 29, 2007, when the Theater opened to the public. Thereafter, Boswell performed a total of 60 shows at the Theater from its public opening on March 29 through June 28, 2007. The Theater paid Boswell $5,000 per week during that time. However, on July 1, 2007, the president of the Theater called a meeting with all staff and crew and announced that the show was can-celled.

On July 9, 2007, Boswell’s attorney sent a letter to the Theater advising it that Boswell was ready, willing, and able to perform pursuant to the parties’ Contract. The letter suggested that the Theater was “in material breach” of the Contract by terminating Boswell’s weekly payments of $5,000 and indicating that it would no longer honor the Contract. The letter stated *554that Boswell was making every effort to mitigate his damages, but due to such late notice, he had not been successful -in his efforts., Boswell claimed that he was entitled to $5,000 for the previous week’s missed payment and “approximately $80,000 in additional compensation.” He requested that the Theater contact his attorney “to work out payment of damages,” but the Theater never responded to the letter or made payment to Boswell as requested in the letter.

On October 11, 2007, Boswell filed this lawsuit in Davidson County Circuit Court. He named as defendants the Theater and other separate but related entities. The complaint sought recovery based on breach of contract and/or promissory es-toppel. The complaint alleged that the term of the Contract was from March 1, 2007, until October 31, 2007, and therefore, the Theater breached the Contract by can-celling the show on July 1, 2007, and discontinuing payments to Boswell. Boswell alleged that he was ready, willing, and able to perform under the Contract but was not allowed to do so. He sought damages for breach of contract in the amount of $82,140. Specifically, he sought $5,000 for each of the remaining weeks of the contract (equaling $90,000), minus the $5,000 deposit already paid, minus the pro rata fee of $715 for four days he would have missed during the remainder of the contract term, totaling $2,860. He also sought an award of prejudgment interest and an award of attorney’s fees as provided in the parties’ Contract.

The case remained pending for several years.2 Throughout the proceedings, the parties agreed that Nebraska law applied to the substantive issues in the case, while Tennessee law governed procedural issues. The parties stipulated that the Theater had already paid Boswell a total of $77,500 pursuant to the Contract. However, the Theater asserted that it had no further obligation to pay Boswell after it cancelled the show on July 1, 2007, because the Contract provided that show dates and times were “[t]o be determined and mutually agreed upon by both parties.” The Theater claimed that this constituted an unenforceable “agreement to agree.”

The trial court held a bench trial from November 17 to November 19, 2014. On March 4, 2015, the court entered a final order entering a judgment in favor' of Boswell. The trial court found the contract enforceable, valid, and unambiguous. The court concluded that the Contract was for a specific term—from March 1 through October 31, 2007. The court concluded that Boswell was obligated to be available to perform during that time, with specific dates and times to be determined on an ongoing basis, and it found that his payment was not conditioned on the number of his performances. The court found that the Theater materially breached the Contract by cancelling the show on July 1, 2007, due to no fault of Boswell, and by failing to pay him the weekly sum due under the Contract.’

■ The trial court looked to the Contract to calculate Boswell’s damages. It found that he was entitled to be paid $2,500 per week for the four-week period between March 1 and the opening of the Theater on March 30, 2007, for a total of $10,000, in addition to $5,000 per week for the remaining thir*555ty-one weeks of the Contract term, for a total of $155,000. In sum, he was to be paid $165,000 during the term of the Contract. As noted above, the Theater paid Boswell $77,500 prior to cancellation of the show. The trial court found that the Theater .was entitled to deduct from the amount owed the pro rata allowance for the 21 dates specified in the Contract for previously booked performances, at the rate of $715 per day, for a total deduction of $15,015. Finally, the trial court found that Boswell had a duty to mitigate his damages and did so by making reasonable attempts to find other work. The trial court found that he earned $1,741 from performances and merchandise sales, which the trial court deducted from the amount owed by the Theater. In sum, the trial court calculated Boswell’s damages for breach of contract at $70,744.

The trial court granted Plaintiffs request for prejudgment interest pursuant to Nebraska Revised Statutes section 45-104. Applying the statutory rate of 12%, and calculating the amount owed from October 31, 2007, through November 19, 2014, the trial court awarded Boswell $59,864.18 in prejudgment interest. '

The trial court also awarded Boswell $90,000 in attorney’s fees pursuant to the attorney’s fee provision in the parties’ Contract. The trial court acknowledged the parties’ choice of law provision specifying that the law of Nebraska would apply to the Contract. Under Nebraska law, “[i]n the absence of a uniform course of procedure or authorization by statute, contractual agreements for attorney fees are against public policy and will not be judicially enforced.” Stewart v. Bennett, 273 Neb. 17, 727 N.W.2d 424, 426 (2007). However, the trial court predicted that a Tennessee appellate court would hold that attorney’s fees are a matter of procedural law. Because the law of the forum state governs procedural issues, the trial court applied Tennessee- law and found the parties’ contractual -attorney’s fee provision enforceable.

The Theáter timely filed a notice of appeal to this Court and now challenges the trial court’s awards of prejudgment interest and attorney’s fees under Nebraska law.

II. Issues Presented

The Theater presents the following, issues for review on appeal:

1. Whether the trial court erred in . awarding prejudgment interest to Plaintiff under applicable Nebraska law; and

2. -Whether the trial- court erred in awarding attorney’s fees to Plaintiff under applicable Nebraska law.

For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

III. Discussion

When deciding, which state’s law to apply to a particular dispute, courts undertake a choice of law analysis using the rules applicable in the forum state. Williams v. Smith, 465 S.W.3d 150, 153 (Tenn.Ct.App.2014); Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co. v. Bloodworth, No. M2003-02986-COA-R10-CV, 2007 WL 1966022, at *26 (Tenn.Ct.App. June 29, 2007). As a general rule, the first step is to decide whether a conflict actually exists between the relevant laws of the different jurisdictions. Shelby Cnty. Health Care Corp. v. Baumgartner, No. W2008-01771-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 303249, at *13 (Tenn.Ct.App. Jan. 26, 2011); Bloodworth, 2007 WL 1966022, at *29; see also Wayland v. Peters, No. 03A01-9705-CV-00172, 1997 WL 776338, at *1 (Tenn.Ct.App. Dec. 17, 1997) (characterizing this as a “preliminary issue”).

A conflict clearly exists in the case at bar. In the context of contract inter *556pretation, Tennessee allows an exception to the American rule, which would otherwise prohibit an award of attorney’s fees, when a contract specifically or expressly provides for the recovery of attorney’s fees. Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. v. Epperson, 284 S.W.3d 308, 309 (Tenn.2009); see also Taylor v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352, 359 (Tenn.2005) (“litigants must pay their own attorney’s fees unless there is a statute or contractual provision providing otherwise”). To the contrary, the Nebraska Supreme Court “has repeatedly held that in the absence of a uniform course of procedure or authorization by statute, contractual agreements for attorney fees are against public policy and will not be judicially enforced.” Stewart, 727 N.W.2d at 429. Because an actual conflict exists between Tennessee law and Nebraska law, we will proceed with the choice of law analysis.

“Tennessee will honor a choice of law clause if the state whose law is chosen bears a reasonable' relation to the transaction and absent a violation of the forum state’s public policy.” Bourland, Heflin, Alvarez, Minor & Matthews, PLC v. Heaton, 393 S.W.3d 671, 674 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2012) (citing Wright v. Rains, 106 S.W.3d 678, 681 (Tenn.Ct.App.2003)). Here, the parties chose the law of Nebraska, where the Theater is headquartered, to govern the Contract, and both parties agree that the choice of law clause is valid and enforceable.

Despite the parties’ choice of law, however, Tennessee law governs matters of procedure under our conflict of law principles. In re Healthways, Inc. Derivative Litig., No. M2009-02623-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 882448, at *3 (Tenn.Ct.App. Mar. 14, 2011); Rampy v. ICI Acrylics, Inc., 898 S.W.2d 196, 198 n. 2 (Tenn.Ct.App.1994). Matters of procedure are governed by the law of the forum. State ex rel. Smith v. Early, 934 S.W.2d 655, 658 (Tenn.Ct.App.1996). In other words, we apply our own procedural rules even if the law of another state governs the substantive issues. See, e.g., Beach Cmty. Bank v. Labry, No. W2011-01583-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 2196174, at *3 n. 6 (Tenn.Ct.App. June 15, 2012); Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Chester O’Donley & Assocs., Inc., 972 S.W.2d 1, 5 (Tenn.Ct.App.1998). The rationale for this distinction is aptly stated in the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 122, cmt. a (1971) as follows:

Each state has local law rules prescribing the procedure by which controversies are brought into its courts and by which the trial of these controversies is conducted. These rules for conducting lawsuits and administering the courts’ processes vary from state to state. The forum has compelling reasons for applying its own rules to decide such issues even if the ease has foreign contacts and even if many issues in the case will be decided by reference to the local law of another state. The forum is more concerned with how its judicial machinery functions and how its court processes are administered than is any other state. Also,-in matters of judicial administration, it would often be disruptive or difficult for the forum to apply the local law rules of another state.

“Enormous .burdens are avoided when a court applies its own rules, rather than the rules of another state, to issues relating to judicial administration, such as the.proper form of action, service of process, pleading, rules of discovery, mode of trial and execution and costs.” Id. However, the line is not always clear regarding which matters are substantive and which are procedural.

In Tennessee, substantive law has been described as “ ‘that part of the law which creates, defines, and regulates rights; that which creates duties, rights, *557and obligations; the law which relates to rights and duties which give rise to a cause of action.’ ” Solomon v. FloWarr Mgmt., Inc., 777 S.W.2d 701, 705 (Tenn.Ct.App.1989) (quoting Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. v. Lobban, 204 Tenn. 79, 315 S.W.2d 514, 518 (1958)). We also consider whether the law is “substantive in effect” even if it would initially appear to be “procedural in form.” Gordon’s Transports, Inc. v. Bailey, 41 Tenn.App. 365, 294 S.W.2d 313, 324 (1956). Where a rule from another state

is such that it goes to the very existence of the contract or the right of the plaintiff to recover, or of the defendant to resist recovery, whether that rule is to be denominated as one of remedy or of substance, the fact is that it affects the substantive rights of the parties and should therefore be applied, notwithstanding a contrary rule of the forum.

Id. (citing 11 Am. Jur. pages 523-24, Conflict of Laws, Sec. 203).

A. Attorney’s Fees

The first issue wé address on appeal is whether the trial court erred in awarding Boswell attorney’s fees on the basis that the issue is procedural and governed by Tennessee law.

Our standard of review on appeal is a procedural matter governed by Tennessee law. In re Healthways, Inc. Derivative Litig., 2011 WL 882448, at *3; Charles Hampton’s A-1 Signs, Inc. v. Am. States Ins. Co., 225 S.W.3d 482, 487 (Tenn.Ct.App.2006). In Tennessee, an appellate court reviews a trial court’s conclusions on questions of law de novo with no presumption of correctness. Friedmann v. Marshall Cnty., Tenn., 471 S.W.3d 427, 432 (Tenn.Ct.App.2015) (citing Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn.2000)). The material facts with respect to the issue of attorney’s fees are not in dispute. Accordingly, we review de novo the trial court’s decision regarding which state’s law applies to the issue of attorney’s fees. See Lemons v. Cloer, 206 S.W.3d 60, 64 (Tenn.Ct.App.2006) (reviewing a trial court’s choice of law decision de novo).

Tennessee appellate courts have not explicitly addressed whether attorney’s fees are a substantive or procedural matter for purposes of conflicts of law. This Court considered the issue on one occasion but found it unnecessary to resolve under the particular circumstances of the case before us. See McRedmond v. Estate of Marianelli, No. M2004-01496-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2805158, at *20 (Tenn.Ct.App. Sept. 29, 2006) overruled by House v. Estate of Edmondson, 245 S.W.3d 372 (Tenn.2008) (“we find it unnecessary to address the question of whether an award of attorney’s fees is governed by procedural or substantive law”). In another case, we interpreted a contract according to Texas law but then cited Tennessee law when it came to the issue of attorney’s fees. See Cagle v. Hybner, No. M2006-02073-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 2649643, at *21 (Tenn.Ct.App. July 3, 2008). However, we did not discuss whether attorney’s fees are a substantive or procedural matter, or otherwise explain why we cited Tennessee law rather than Texas law, probably because the opposing party conceded that the prevailing party was entitled to recover his attorney’s fees. Id. Accordingly, we find no guidance on this issue in the Cagle opinion.

Courts in several other jurisdictions have expressly considered whether awards of attorney’s fees are governed by substantive or procedural law for purposes of conflicts of law.3 However, those decisions have produced mixed results. Some *558courts have held that issues involving attorney’s fees are procedural and governed by the law of the forum. See, e.g., Alaska Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Avis Budget Grp., Inc., 738 F.3d 960, 974 (9th Cir.2013) (predicting that the Alaska Supreme Court would hold, for choice of law purposes, that its attorney’s fee rule is procedural); Sentinel Indus. Contracting Corp. v. Kimmins Indus. Serv. Corp., 743 So.2d 954, 960 (Miss.1999) (“In Mississippi, the law of the forum applies to all procedural and remedial issues. That includes attorneys’ fees[.]”) (citation omitted); Neb. Nutrients, Inc. v. Shepherd, 261 Neb. 723, 626 N.W.2d 472, 518 (2001) (“Nebraska law deems the recovery of attorney fees in the action in which they are incurred to be a procedural issue governed by the law of the forum’’);4 N. Bergen Rex Transp., Inc. v. Trailer Leasing Co., 158 N.J. 561, 730 A.2d 843, 848 (1999) (“attorneys’ fees are a matter of practice and procedure, rather than of substantive law”); GB Auctions, Inc. v. Private Ledger, Inc., 183 Wash.App. 1028, 2014 WL 4627773, at *5 (Sept. 16, 2014) (finding contractual attorney’s fees to be a procedural issue governed by the law of the forum); Smithco Eng’g, Inc. v. Int’l Fabricators, Inc., 775 P.2d 1011, 1017 n. 4, 1019 (Wyo.1989) (finding a statute that authorized awards of attorney’s fees to a prevailing party, “to be taxed and collected as costs,” was procedural).

Other courts have held that attorney’s fees are substantive issues. See, e.g,, PVI, *559Inc. v. Ratiopharm GmbH, 253 F.3d 320, 329 (8th Cir.2001) (explaining that Missouri law regards a contractual right- to attorney’s fees as a substantive right created by the contract and governed by the substantive law applicable to the contract generally); Boyd Rosene & Assocs., Inc. v. Kan. Mun. Gas Agency, 174 F.3d 1115, 1125 (10th Cir.1999) (predicting under Oklahoma choice-of-law principles that attorney’s fees would be considered a substantive issue in a contractual dispute); Aries v. Palmer Johnson, Inc., 153 Ariz. 250, 735 P.2d 1373, 1381 (Ariz.Ct.App.1987) (holding that the recovery of contractual attorney’s fees as authorized by statute was a substantive issue); Seattle-First Nat’l Bank v. Schriber, 51 Or.App. 441, 625 P.2d 1370, 1373 (1981) (concluding that a statute authorizing contractual attorney’s fee awards involved a matter of substantive right).

Some courts recognize a distinction between different types of claims for attorney’s fees, such as those awarded to a party for prevailing on its claim versus those assessed against a party as sanctions for bad faith litigation practices. See, e.g., Boyd Rosene & Assocs., Inc., 174 F.3d at 1125-26 (noting the distinction and finding the latter category more related to judicial administration). For instance, Florida courts treat contractual awards of attorney’s. fees as substantive, and bad faith awards of attorney’s fees, as procedural. Compare Precision Tune Auto Care, Inc. v. Radcliffe, 815 So.2d 708, 711 (Fla.Ct.App.2002) (applying the contractually chosen substantive law of Virginia to an award of attorney’s fees based on a contract); with Weatherby Assocs., Inc. v. Ballack, 783 So.2d 1138, 1143 (Fla.Ct.App.2001) (finding a contract’s choice of law clause irrelevant to an award of attorney’s fees not made pursuant to the contract but pursuant to a Florida statute regarding frivolous litigation). Texas courts have held that the recovery of attorney’s fees for breach of contract is a substantive issue, while a discretionary attorney’s fee award under the state’s Declaratory Judgment Act is procedural. Man Indus. (India), Ltd. v. Midcontinent Exp. Pipeline, LLC, 407 S.W.3d 342, 353-54 (Tex.Ct.App. 2013), Idaho courts hold that “a statute providing for the discretionary award of attorney fees is remedial and procedural and does not affect the substantive claim for relief, while a statute providing for a mandatory award of attorney fees to the prevailing party is substantive[.]” Houston v. Whittier, 216 P.3d 1272, 1283 (Id. 2009). As these cases and various approaches demonstrate, “this is by no means an obvious or settled issue.” Boyd Rosene & Assocs., Inc., 174 F.3d at 1125; see Ancile Inv. Co. v. Archer Daniels Midland Co., 992 F.Supp.2d 316, 319 (S.D.N.Y.2014) (noting direct conflict between decisions in the circuit predicting whether New York would classify attorney’s fees as substantive or procedural).

Considering these various approaches, we emphasize that the precise issue presented in this case is narrow—is a claim for attorney’s fees pursuant to a contract a substantive issue governed by a choice of law provision in that contract, or is such a claim governed by the procedural law of the forum? It is not necessary for purposes of this appeal to broadly classify all types of claims for attorney’s fees, and we do not purport to do so.

The Texas Court of Appeals has reasoned that a contractual claim for attorney’s fees is “part of [the] substantive claim for breach of contract.” Midwest Med. Supply Co. v. Wingert, 317 S.W.3d 530, 537 (Tex.Ct.App.2010). The court found the issue of attorney’s fees “ ‘inextricably intertwined with the substantive issue of contractual liability—an issue that is *560undisputably governed by the choice-of-law provision.’” Id. (quoting Fairmont Supply Co. v. Hooks Indus., Inc., 177 S.W.3d 529, 535-36 (Tex.Ct.App.2005)). Accordingly, the Texas court viewed the attorney’s fee claim as a substantive contractual issue governed by the law chosen by the parties. Id. In reaching the same conclusion, the Oregon Court of Appeals considered that attorney’s fees based on a contract must be pled and proved and “are not merely costs incidental to judicial administration,” therefore, awarding them is a matter of substantive right. Schriber, 625 P.2d at 1373. In contrast, the Nebraska Supreme Court considers attorney’s fees to be elements of court costs that affect only the remedy, rather than damages. Neb. Nutrients, 626 N.W.2d at 518. The Nebraska Court considers an attorney’s fee provision to be “a stipulation for costs” that “is not a substantive part of the contract itself and cannot be enforced in another jurisdiction.” Id. (quotation omitted).

Tennessee’s view of contractual attorney’s fees is more in line with the courts of Texas and Oregon. “In Tennessee, attorney’s fees are not part of costs.” Barrett v. Town of Nolensville, No. M2010-01173-COA-R3CV, 2011 WL 856923, at *2 (Tenn.Ct.App. Mar. 10, 2011); see also Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc., 284 S.W.3d at 310 (“The term ‘costs’ has not generally been construed to encompass attorney fees.”). Furthermore, as noted above, Tennessee courts have described “substantive law” as “ ‘that part of the law which creates, defines, and regulates rights; that which creates duties, rights, and obligations; the law which relates to rights and duties which give rise to a cause of action.’ ” Solomon, 111 S.W.2d at 705 (quoting Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc., 315 S.W.2d at 518). Contracts providing for attorney’s fees impose a contractual liability that one enforces as a matter of substantive right. Rules regarding the recovery of contractual attorney’s fees define the parties’ rights- and obligations. Accordingly, we conclude that a state’s rules regarding the recovery of contractual attorney’s fees are substantive rules governing the substantive rights of the parties.5

In the case at bar, Boswell’s claim for attorney’s fees pursuant to the attorney’s fee provision in the Contract is part and parcel of his substantive claim for breach of contract. Accordingly, it should be governed by the choice-of-law provision in that same Contract. The choice-of-law provision states that the Contract is to be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Nebraska, and therefore, Nebraska law applies to the provision providing for the recovery of attorney’s fees for breach of the Contract. We decline to apply Tennessee caselaw regarding contractual attorney’s fee provisions to the parties’ Contract otherwise governed by the substantive law of Nebraska.

Under the governing Nebraska law, “a contractual provision for attorney fees, where such fees are not provided by statute or uniform course of procedure, is against public policy and will not be judicially enforced.” Stewart, 727 N.W.2d at 427-28. Consequently, the attorney’s fee provision in the parties’ Contract is unenforceable pursuant to Nebraska law.

On appeal, Boswell claims that even if the attorney’s fee provision in his Contract is unenforceable as a matter of Nebraska law, a Nebraska court would nevertheless have inherent equitable authority to award *561him attorney’s fees, and therefore, this Court should affirm the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees on equitable grounds. We this argument unpersuasive. Boswell relies on the following passage from the Nebraska Supreme Court’s decision in Steivart:

The “American rule” stands generally for the proposition that “a prevailing party may not also recover an attorney fee from his opponent.” The justification for this general rule is that “a defendant should not be unduly influenced from vigorously contesting claims made against him.”

There are exceptions to the American rule, and these exceptions vary from state to state. All states create an exception to the general rule in cases where the legislature has expressly allocated those fees to the winning party. Most jurisdictions, including Nebraska, also have an exception to the American rule where attorney fees are granted pursuant to the court’s inherent authority to do all things necessary for the proper administration of justice and equity within the scope of their jurisdiction.

Many jurisdictions have also created an exception where the attorney fees are provided for through contractual agreement. This. court, however, has repeatedly held that in the absence of a uniform course of procedure or authorization by statute, contractual agreements for attorney fees are against public policy and will not be judicially enforced.

Stewart, 727 N.W.2d at 429 (citations omitted). However, the equitable exception to which the Court referred has not been interpreted by Nebraska courts as broadly as Boswell suggests.

The Nebraska Supreme Court has characterized its equitable exception for awarding attorney’s fees as an “exception relating to vexatious, unfounded, and dilatory conduct by counsel, amounting to bad faith.” Quinn v. Godfather’s Investments, Inc., 217 Neb. 441, 348 N.W.2d 893, 895 (1984). The equitable exception only applies “in limited instances.” City of Gering v. Smith Co., 215 Neb. 174, 337 N.W.2d 747, 751 (1983). In City of Gering, the Court refused to extend the exception further, even though the contract at issue provided for the recovery of attorney’s fees, reiterating that “such contracts are contrary to public policy and therefore invalid.” Id. The Nebraska Supreme Court has also recognized that reasonable attorney’s fees can be awarded in a contempt proceeding, with the following pertinent explanation:

Attorney fees in contempt cases fall under a court’s inherent power to do all things necessary to enforce its judgment. But outside of enforcing orders and judgments, we have extended a court’s inherent power to award attorney fees only in a narrow circumstance: when a party’s conduct during the course of litigation is so vexatious, unfounded, and dilatory that it amounts to bad faith. And we have specifically declined to extend tliat exception further.

Wetovick v. Cnty. of Nance, 279 Neb. 773, 782 N.W.2d 298, 318 (2010). The equitable exception recognized by Nebraska courts simply does not allow a court to enforce an otherwise unenforceable contractual provision for attorney’s fees simply on the basis of equity. See Lamb Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. Nebraska Pub. Power Dist., 103 F.3d 1422, 1434 (8th Cir.1997) (describing the equitable exception under Nebraska law as being limited to cases involving bad faith during the course of the litigation, not pre-litigation conduct).

In sum, we conclude that the choice-of-law provision in the parties’ Contract de*562termines the law applicable to the attorney’s fee provision in the Contract. Thus, Nebraska law governs the issue. Under Nebraska law, Boswell is not entitled to recover his attorney’s fees in connection with his claim for breach of contract. We reverse the trial court’s ruling to the contrary and vacate its award of attorney’s fees,

B. Prejudgment Interest

Before the trial court, Boswell sought an award of prejudgment interest pursuant to Nebraska Revised Statutes sections 45-103 and/or 45-104. The Theater argued that Boswell was not entitled to prejudgment interest pursuant to the terms of the Nebraska statutes because, according to the Theater, the claim was subject to reasonable controversy. The Theater cited Nebraska law in support of its arguments. The trial court awarded prejudgment interest to Boswell in accordance with Nebraska Revised Statutes section 45-104 at twelve percent per annum, simple interest, from October 31, 2007, through November 19, 2014, which totaled $59,864.18.

On appeal, neither party raises an issue regarding the trial court’s decision to apply Nebraska law to the issue of prejudgment interest. Neither party argues that Tennessee law should have governed the issue. As a result, we will not review the correctness of the trial court’s decision as to the applicable law. We limit our review to the issue raised on appeal' regarding whether an award of prejudgment interest was appropriate pursuant to Nebraska law.6

According to Nebraska Revised Statutes section 45-103.02(2), except as otherwise provided, “interest as provided in section 45-104 shall accrue on the unpaid balance of liquidated claims from the date the cause of action arose until the entry of judgment.” Section 45-104 then provides that, unless otherwise agreed, “interest shall be allowed at the rate of twelve percent per annum on money due on any instrument in writing[.]” Neb.Rev. Stat. Ann. § 45-104. Thus, in Nebraska,

“The general rule is that prejudgment interest may be recovered on claims that are liquidated. A claim is liquidated if the evidence furnishes data which, if believed, makes it possible to compute the amount with exactness, without reliance upon opinion or discretion. First Data Resources, Inc. v. Omaha Steaks Int. Inc., 209 Neb. 327, 307 N.W.2d 790 (1981). Where a reasonable controversy exists as to the plaintiffs right to recover or as to the amount of such recovery, the claim is generally considered to be unliquidated and prejudgment interest is not allowed. Langel Chevrolet-Cadillac v. Midwest Bridge, 213 Neb. 283, 329 N.W.2d 97 (1983).”

Land Paving Co. v. D.A. Constr. Co., 215 Neb. 406, 338 N.W.2d 779, 780 (1983) (quoting Classen v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 214 Neb. 543, 334 N.W.2d 644, 645 (1983)). The Theater argues that a reasonable controversy existed regarding Boswell’s right to recover and the amount of his recovery, and therefore, prejudgment interest was inappropriate.

First, the The