Cole v. Goodwin & Story

The opinion delivered by me jn t{je preceding case of Hollister v. Nowlen, renders it unnecessary to examine some of the questions made on the trial. That coach proprietors are answerable as common carriers for the baggage of passengers, and that they cannot limit their liability by a general notice brought home to the employer, are now settled questions, so far as this court is concerned.

The objection that both of the defendants are not responsible for the act, or default of the driver employed by one of them, is answered by the case of Bostwick v. Champion, 11 Wendell, 571, affirmed in error. 18 Wendell, 175.

The declaration alleges that the plaintiff delivered and the defendants received the trunk and contents to be safely and securely carried, &c. for a certain reasonable reward, to wit the sum of three dollars. The proof was that the fare paid was two dollars for the plaintiff and his baggage. The variance is not very material. It would have been sufficient to state that the defendants were to receive a certain reasonable reward, without specifying any sum. 2 Chilly’s PI. 319, 321. Since the case of Lyon v. Burtis, 18 Johns. R. 510, it has been the practice at the circuits to overlook mere formal mistakes of this kind, by which the party cannot have been prejudiced, and to allow an amendment after verdict. If the plaintiff deems it important, he may amend the declaration without costs. This is not a case for imposing terms.

The defendants insist that they were only carriers of the trunk to Madison, and were not bound to take it from the coach, or deliver it at that place, without a notice or request from the passenger. In the form in which the objection was taken on the trial, it seemed to be thought important that the trunk was not booked, nor entered in the way-bill; and that it was not labelled or directed to any particular person or place. These are not matters of which the defendants can complain. It was for them, and not the plaintiff, to determine whether the trunk should be mentioned in their books, or entered on the way-bill; and whether they would carry the trunk without a label or di*255rection, was also a matter for their consideration when the contract was made. Having assumed the responsibility of carrying the property, it is not for them to object that they did not adopt all proper precautions to guard against accidents. If the plaintiff on request had neglected or refused to comply with any reasonable regulation of the defendants, it would have presented a different question. But nothing was required of him but the usual fare, and that was paid. In considering whether the defendants are answerable for not delivering the trunk at Madison, it is important to notice that no fraud or intentional concealment is imputed to the plaintiff. Nothing of the kind was pretended on the trial. The plaintiff was a youth, then probably leaving his parents for the first time to enter a public school. Wanting experience as a traveller ;and having his thoughts engrossed with other subjects, he forgot his baggage until the coach had departed. This was the whole extent of his error.' If the cause turned on the want of diligence, there would perhaps be some difficulty in saying which party ought to bear the loss; though my opinion would in that view of the case, be against the defendants. They certainly were not without fault. They might have mentioned the trunk as well as the passenger on the waybill, and thus have advised their, coachman and agents that the plaintiff had baggage to be removed at Madison. As this precaution was omitted, it was the duty of the driver, if he did not know how the fact was, to enquire of a passenger leaving the coach whether he had baggage to be removed. But there was a further and most culpable neglect of duty in not pursuing after the coach, when the plaintiff missed his baggage. The coach had been gone but a short time, and at the rate it was travelling might easily have been overtaken. The plaintiff was among strangers, and had no means of pursuing. He applied to Wilbur, the coachman who had driven to Madison, to go after the stage, and was answered that he had no horse. The answer was false, for the horses had been exchanged at that place. Goodwin, the defendant’s ■'agent, was absent. The plaintiff" applied to his son, but he declined doing any thing. *256He also applied to the keeper of the stage house, but with no ¡jetter success. The defendants select their own servants, and are answerable for their defaults. The coachman was chargeable with gross negligence for not pursuing and recovering the property. He probably thought more of the saving clause in the advertisement, “ all baggage at the risk of the owner,” than he did of the suffering traveller.

The defendants set up a usage in managing their line of stages, to discharge themselves from liability for the loss of the trunk. The usage proved amounts to this : At Richfield and Bridgewater, where the coaches are changed, the baggage is removed as a matter of course ; but at Madison, where the coaches are .not changed, they only remove baggage at the request of the passenger. How is the traveller to learn this practice of the defendants, which is different at the two ends of a single stage, except by that kind of experience which the plaintiff has acquired ? There is no evidence that he knew any thing about this practice. And besides, the usage only proves that the defendants have been habitually careless in managing their business. It does not go far enough. They should have established a usage to be exempt from the legal consequences of their negligence.

But in the absence of all fraud on the part of the plaintiff, this cause does not turn on the question of diligence. The defendants were common carriers as to the baggage; and as such were answerable for any loss of the property which was not occasioned by the act of God or the public enemies. It is wholly unimportant to inquire whether there was any actual default on their part. It is enough that the property was lost; and that, the loss did not happen in either of the two ways which according to the law of the land will exempt the carrier from liability. We cannot add a third ground of exemption,, and say that when the owner accompanies the property, the car.rier shall be discharged. If the defendants were common carriers as to the baggage, there is an end of the question. Whether the trunk was stolen before it reached Madison, or lost to the plaintiff in *257consequence of being carried beyond that place, are matters of no moment. The effect of the owner’s accompanying the property, or sending a servant to look after it, is noticed in the case of Hollister v. Nowlen, (ante.) There is no principle upon which it can affect the liability of the carrier as to property committed to his charge, unless there was some fraud on the part of the owner. The defendant’s counsel have only been able to refer to a single case as containing a qualification of the rule, and that will be found not to answer their purpose. East India Co. v. Pullen, 1 Str. 690. The defendant was a common lighterman, and the action was on an undertaking to carry on the Thames from the ship to the plaintiff’s ware house. The company put an officer in the lighter, who, as soon as the lading was completed, put the company’s lock on the hatches, and went With the goods to see them safe delivered at the warehouse. A part of the goods were lost. Raymond, C. J. said, “ this differed from the common case, this not. being any trust in the defendant, and the goods were not to be considered as ever having been in his possession, but in the possession of the company’s servant, who had hired the lighter to use himself.” This case, instead of impugning, goes to confirm the rule already mentioned. In the case at bar, the plaintiff had no charge of the property. It was committed to the trust of the defendants. They received it into their possession, and disposed of it as they thought proper, without any instructions or interference on the part of the plaintiff; and by the law of the land, they are answerable for the loss.

The defence in this case certainly sets up a very easy way of dealing with stage-coach passengers. It cannot be denied that the defendants are, prima facie, as much conmon carriers in respect to the baggage of passengers, as any thing else which they convey for hire. As such they are, according to all the books, insurers against losses except such as arise from the act of God, or the public enemy. The accident in question can in no sense be called either. It was less than inevitable *258accident, for all risk was avoidable by a moderate degree of attention, the most obvious of which was an entry on the way-bill according to some mark or other designation, and noting the place of destination, ¡where by law the carrier is bound to make delivery. Gibson v. Culver, 17 Wendell, 305, and the cases there cited. This obligation is sought to be qualified by a usage of the defendants’ line, to which the plaintiff is a total stranger. Indeed, in the absence of knowledge of the usage, he is told that the charge of the baggage belonged to himself; and that by silently departing from the stage at Madison, with apparent unconcern, he improperly lulled the driver into a state of carelessness. It is an answer, that all this was avoidable by a little seasonable caution ; and I have yet to learn that when a common carrier is called to account for losses, the passenger is to be .answered by his own want of care. It is placing the obligation upon the wrong man. The passenger has surrendered the custody of his baggage to the coach owners, whose obligation is absolute; and the law will not endure that they should answer either by the utmost care in themselves, or the want of it in another. I speak independent of all usage ; for none is brought to the knowledge of the plaintiff. The carrier must take measures at his peril to learn and abide by the place of delivery, either as fixed by law, or at the utmost by the established and notorious usage of the line : such usage being known to the passenger. Gibson v. Culver before cited. It was so held in Forward v. Pittard, 1 T. R. 27, where a fire not occasioned by lightning, but burning with inextinguishable rage, communicated with and consumed the article. The accident was there said to be inevitable; but the court held it must be more; and Lord Mansfield instanced the destruction of property by the riot of 1780, as no excuse. It is true the owner was not, in that case, with the goods; but bis presence would have made the defendant no less a common carrier, as was conceded by the present chief justice, in Orange Bank v. Brown, 9 Wendell, 117. We are reminded of the custom for the owner to attend and point out his baggage to the carrier, at the place of his departure *259from a steam-boat, car or coach. If the carrier will depend on the care of the owner (and I admit there is often a necessity for it under every responsibility) he certainly may do so; but it is a solecism to say he is a common carrier while we deny the very duty which is essential to that character. ’ A mere chalk mark and the dash of a pen upon the way-bill would in most cases avoid all risk ; and it would be strange indeed that the omission of an easy precaution should be deemed by the law equivalent to the act of God. It is really too much like gross negligence. The owner many times can not reach the baggage room on account of the crowd ; and if you demand that he should mention or call for it, you require an exertion of body or lungs, to which few would be equal under all emergencies. Beside he may not know whom to address. Are you bound to mark the direction yourself? The carrier knows the stopping place, which is perhaps resolved on at the moment, and he holds the way-bill. If the article be not properly directed and entered, let him wait till both be done, or refuse for that reason to undertake what he cannot perform, if there be not time to affix the proper marks. He knows what marks and entries will accord with his system of business, and be intelligible to his agents on the line. All this care belongs in good reason, where the law has placed it, with the carrier himself. The question is one of simple custody, for care follows custody. This has been held of an inn-keeper, whose obligation is much like that of a carrier, and stands upon the same reason. 2 Kent’s Comm. 591, 3d ed. He is liable for all the goods which his guest brings with him to the inn, even though he hold the key of his chamber where the goods are. Story on Bailm. 313, § 479. 2 Kent’s Com. 593, 4, 3d ed. But if he take the exclusive custody of the goods or positively interfere with them so as to put them in peril, or deliver them to a third person for custody, the innkeeper is exonerated. Story on Bailm. 315, § 483.“ 2 Kent’s Com. 595, 3d ed. “ It appears to me,” said Bayley, J., in Richmond v. Smith, 8 Barn. & Cress. 9, “ that an innkeeper’s liability very closely resembles that of a carrier. He is prima facie *260liable for any loss not occasioned by the act of God or the king’s enemies, although he may be exonerated where the guest chooses to have his goods under his own care. The analogy was in some measure extended to the carrier by tj)e case 0f ¡Miles v. Cattle, 6 Bing. 743. The plaintiff,. a passenger, had with him his own bag of clothes in the coach, into which bag he slipped a £50 bank note belonging to another, who had directed it to be booked at the carrier’s office. It could not have been booked without a reward. The plaintiff thus had it in his exclusive custody, and therefore it 'was held that he should not recover. In another respect the case was like that before us. At York, his place of destination, he got out of the coach and walked away and was gone two hours ; yet the point was not even made, that he should for that reason fail to recover for his bag and clothes, which had been purloined with the note during his absence. And this, though the case was stronger for a point of gross neglect' than the present; for he retained the actual though not the exclusive custody of his bag. In the case before us the regular fare was paid for the plaintiff and his baggage ; -and the trunk probably placed in the usual separate department.

But the more effectually to secure impunity for absolute carelessness, the defendants gave notice, that all baggage was at the risk of the owner. This, taken literally, is another mode of fastening all the duty on the passenger, exactly inverting the obligation imposed by law. It is saying- “ 1 like your passage money, and the emoluments of my public employment as a common carrier of passengers and their baggage. I will take my reward, but choose to consult my convenience and safety in the measure of responsibility.” If the carrier have the legal power to restrict any branch of his liability either by special contract or notice, it is certainly important to inquire, looking at the consequences, whether such power be arbitrary and illimitable. If it be, there is no end to this kind of encroachment; and the passenger may as well be required to risk his limbs or his neck.

*261All must agree with what was said on the argument, that a man may become a common carrier or not at his option ; and that he may limit his office to the carrying of persons or goods as he pleases, and at such general prices as he may choose to charge.- 2 Kent’s Com. 598, 3d ed. But his office as a common carrier once becoming fixed and his line of travel, subjects of carriage, and prices established it is much more questionable whether, in respect to passengers or goods which are fairly committed to him, he can qualify his public duty. It is agreed by all the books, that while he enjoys the privileges of a common carrier, there are certain duties pertaining to that office which he can not escape in any form. In the first place, he is bound to receive passengers and goods, if he have room, and carry them for a reasonable reward, which may be set down as the accustomed reward for like services. 2 Kent’s Com. 598, 3d ed. and cases there cited in note f. Per Mansfield, C. J. and Lawrence J. in Harris v. Packwood, 3 Taunt. 271, 2. Per Best, C. J. in Riley v. Horne, 5 Bing. 217. 2 Moor. & Payne, 331, 338, S. C.

It is equally well settled that he can not, either capriciously in a single instance, nor by public notice seen and read by his customer, nor even by special agreement, exonerate himself from the consequences of gross neglect. Per Best, C. J. in Riley v. Horne, 5 Bing, 218. 2 Moor. & Payne, 331, 341, S. C. Sleat v. Fagg, 5 Barn. & Aid. 342. Wright v. Snell, id. 350. Birkett v. Willan, 2 Barn. & Aid. 356. Beck v. Evans, 3 Camp. 267. 16 East, 244, S. C. Bodenham v. Bennett, 4 Price, 31. Smith v. Horne, 8 Taunt. 144. 2 Moor. 18, S. C. Newborn v. Just, 2 Carr. & Payne, 76.

It is said in the Doct. & Student, Dial 2, ch. 38, p. 224 of Machall’s ed. “If he [the carrier] would per case re fuse to carry it unless promise were made unto him that he shall not be charged for no misdemeanor that should be in him, thq promise were void; for it were against reason and against good; manners; and so'it is in all other cases like.” In Noy’s 'Maxims, 92, it is said, “ If a carrier would refuse to carry unless a promise were made to him that he *262shall not be charged with any such miscarriage, that promise IS T°id” Gross negligence is in general a species of fraud, though it may not be always so. Story on Bail. 13, $ 19 t0 22- And an agreement giving direct countenance to a fraud would be contrary to public policy. It is equally well settled that a special agreement, or which is the same thing, a notice seen and acted upon by the owner of goods, will not protect the carrier against the consequences of the malfeasance or misfeasance- of himself or his servants; as if they convert the goods or make a wrong delivery. Story on Bailm. 365, § 570, and the cases there cited. Beck v. Evans, 16 East, 244. Indeed all this would be so, could we suppose the carrier’s obligation brought down to that of a mere mandatary.

Passing below gross neglect and misfeasance, the balance of opinion in Westminster Hall would seem to be that the liability of the carrier may be dispensed with. Story on Bailm. 365, § 571, and cases there cited. I think Low v. Booth, 13 Price, 329, may be set down as a direct adjudication that ordinary neglect may be provided against by the parties.

But the great question is, under what limitations may the parties provide for a reduction of the liability. For one, I hardly feel warranted to interpose a general denial that the extraordinary responsibility of the common carrier may be taken away by the joint act of the parties ; and such I take a proper notice to be if known to the bailor. I agree that there is no adjudication of a date so ancient, that we are obliged to respect it as authority, giving the common carrier a right to take a fair reward for the carriage, and yet acquit himself of his obligation as such. Admitting the doctrine of notice to have that effect, and to be as old as Forward v. Pittard, 1 T. R. 27, as was said by Burrough, J. in Smith v. Horne, 8 Taunt, 144, 146; 2 Moor. 18, 22, S. C; yet we are carried back no farther than 1785, about ten years after the revolution. And even so soon after, we find the learned • 1 judge adding: “It can not but be lamented that such notices have ever been used, and recognized as a protection to carriers, to divest them of their responsibility.” 2 Moor. *26322. If he meant a general and arbitrary power of protection, 1 think every one must concur with him ; but if he is to be understood as speaking to the extent of the case before him, it appears to me that the notice was very properly allowed to avail both upon principle and authority. It was thus : “ That they (the carriers) would not hold themselves accountable for cash, writings or any article above the value of £5, unless entered and paid for according to its value, when delivered to their agents.” 2 Moor. 19; more briefly 8 Taunt. 144, 5. I am inclined to think by what fell from Park, J. in the same cause, that both he and Burrough, J. must have alluded to the disposition of carriers to extend their protection by notices beyond the principle on which they were originally allowed. Park, J. said “ The indulgence given to carriers by limiting their responsibility by the notices usually affixed in their offices, has occasioned great public inconvenience. The courts have lately been inclined to restrain them.” 2 Moor. 21, 2. And they determined that even this, the usual and allowed notice, should not protect the defendants against gross negligence.

To appreciate in a proper manner the particular notice in question, it is necessary to advert briefly to the relative obligation of the carrier and owner. The former is an insurer against loss by any event except the act of God (now holden to be synonymous with inevitable accident) or the enemies of the republic. Per Holt, J. in Coggs v. Bernard, 2 Ld. Ray. 918. Forward v. Pittard, 1 T. R. 27, 33. To this may be added another exception; a loss by the fraud, and perhaps the gross neglect of the owner in a case where he owes a duty. Bradley v. Waterhouse, 3 Carr. & Payne, 318. Whalley v. Wray, 3 Esp. N. P. C. 74. It follows, that the obligation of the owner is like that of other persons who cause their property to be insured. He must act in good faith, and at least, if he speak at all, give a correct account of every circumstance peculiarly within his own knowledge, which is material to the risk which the insurer incurs according to the legal nature of his engagement. The case of Kenrig v. Eggleston, Aleyn, 93, was very severe upon the carrier. The plaintiff delivered á box *264to the carriers’s porter, telling him there was a book and tobacco in it: in truth it contained £100 besides. The whole was lost, and the carrier held liable for the money. “It was a§reed by the counsel, and given in charge to the jury, that if a box with money in it be delivered to a carrier, he is bound to answer for it if he be robbed, although it was not told him what was in it. And so it was ruled in one Barcroft’s case, as Rolle said, where a box of jewels was delivered to a ferryman, who, knowing not what was in it, and being in a tempest, threw it overboard into the sea: and resolved that he should answer for it.” Rolle finally directed, “that although the plaintiffs did tell him of some things in the box only, and not of the money, yet he must answer for it; for he need not tell the carrier all the particulars in the box. But it must come on the carrier’s part to make special acceptance.” He left the question of the intended cheat to the jury to consider in damages; and they found the whole £100, deducting £3 for carriage. It is indeed not surprising, as added by the reporter, “ quod durum videbatur circumstantibus.” The general principle laid down in this case as derived from.Barcroft’s, so far from having been ever questioned, has been repeatedly affirmed, though it has been thought to have been there wrongly applied, inasmuch as there was evident artifice made use of to disguise the fact "of there being money in the box. This case was decided in 24 Car. 1. See per Best, C. J. in Riley v. Horne, before cited. There is a still stronger case against the carrier cited by Hale in Morse v. Slue, 1 Ventr. 238.

In the case of Tyly v. Morrice, 11 Wm. 3, Carth. 485, the plaintiffs’ servant delivered to the defendant’s book keeper £450 in two sealed bags, and told him it was £200, ■ which the book-keeper receipted in writing as “ two bags of money sealed up, said to contain £200.” The whole being lost by a robbery, the carrier paid £200, and the plaintiffs sued for the balance on the authority of Kenrig v. Eggleston. The court distinguished the case, and confined the ■ plaintiffs’ claim to what had been paid, “ Because there was a particular undertaking by the carrier for the carriage *265of £200 only, and his reward was to extend no farther than to that sum, and ’tis the reward which makes the carrier answerable ; and since the plaintiffs had taken this course to defraud the carrier of his reward, they had thereby barred themselves of that remedy which is founded on the reward.” The case of Fitchburne v. White, 5 Geo. I. Feb. 16th, 1718, is thus reported in 1 * Str. 145. “Per King, Ch. J. If a box is delivered generally to a carrier, and he accepts it, he is answerable though the party did not tell him there is money in it. But if the carrier asks and the other says no, or if he accepts it conditionally, provided there is no money in it, in either of these cases, I hold the carrier is not liable. Aleyn, 93 is cited as authority. The case of Gibbon v. Paynton, 4 Burr. 2298, approves of the general doctrine in Kenrig v. Eggleston, but thinks it misapplied. I have noticed these cases, and some of them at large as showing, 1. that the carrier is liable in respect to his reward; but 2. that to raise in the law a respect to his reward, he must make a special acceptance, or at least inquire and obtáin a positive representation. It follows that if the plaintiff either answer untruly, or on request refuse to make any reply whatever, the carrier may say either that he will not receive the goods, or that if he receives them, it shall not be as a common carrier; indeed that he will not consider himself . accountable as a bailee for reward. He may either .refuse to receive pay for the carriage, or refuse to receive a premium beyond a’certain amount. I forbear to go farther into the cases, because I think these general propositions are all substantially adjudged by this court in the late case of the Orange Co. Bank v. Brown, 9 Wendell, 85, 114, 115.

Then reading the cases on this subject, and especially that of Kenrig v. Eggleston, and Morse v. Slue, will any one say’that the carrier shall be liable, where the owner refuses to concur in any reasonable request on his side to avoid imposition ; to • make every thing honest and fair? Was it unreasonable then in the carriers, to demand, as in Smith v. Horne, that all over £5 should, in order to fix the carrier with loss, be entered and paid for according to its value ? *266What is this but demanding what no one, can deny, that the taborer shall be paid according to his hire. Is it unreasonable to make a condition that the owner shall be honest ? H-ow far ^ is so, let us see from another case, Gibbon v. Paynton, 4 Burr. 2290. The defendants had properly advertised, that their coachman would not be answerable for money or jewels or other valuable goods, unless he had notice that such were delivered to him ; and it was probable that the plaintiff knew of the notice, and understood, that by the course of trade, money was not carried without an extra premium. Yet the plaintiff delivered to the coachman £100 hid in hay in an old nail bag. The bag and the hay were carried safely; but the money was lost. It was held that the plaintiff could not recover. This case is remarkable as being among the earliest cases, if not the very first case in which the carrier’s notice appears. It was in Easter Term, 9 Geo. 3. A. D. 1769. Lord Mansfield proceeded entirely independent of the notice; he considered the plaintiff’s conduct fraudulent, though he does not deny that mere silence as to the amount, may in general be honest, if the plaintiff be not called out by the carrier. Yates, J. considered the notice equivalent to a special acceptance. He said “ this was a special acceptance.” Arston J. also hinted at the same ground: and both he and Lord Mansfield laid great emphasis on the principle, that a carrier is liable in respect to his reward.

It is obvious that if the owners are open to frauds when once the goods are committed to the hands of the carrier, the latter is equally exposed to imposition in the delivery ; and while it is reasonable that he should demand notice of what he is called upon to transport, is it not equally reasonable that he should make other regulations as to booking the goods 1 Best, C. J. in Riley v. Horne, after mentioning as an excuse for using a printed notice, that “ It would be inconvenient, perhaps impossible to have a formal contract made for the carriage of every parcel, in which the value of the- parcel should be specified, as well as the price to be paid for the carriage,” proceeds, “But it would add very little to the labor of the book-keeper, if he entered the value *267of each package, and gave the person who brought it a written memorandum of such entry, like the slips now made on an agreement for a policy pf insurance.” I have yet to learn that any thing calculated to insure an exercise of good faith on either side, or a full understanding of the contract, or to furnish the proper evidence of the contract, may not be demanded. I will add, that all this is due to the safety of the carrier, whose means of providing even for his general security, as well as for that of the particular package, may be materially affected by temptations to robbery concealed from him in trunks, boxes or old bags of hay, but perhaps known to others through the treachery of the owner’s servants, and in flagrant cases, of the owner himself. I have already noticed in another connection, the importance of an entry to be transferred to the way-bill, as a guide for the carrier’s agent at the point of destination and delivery.

Laboring under the difficulty of making inquiries or drawing up special acceptances in each case, and knowing that a silent acceptance on their part would open them to interminable frauds, carriers resorted to the notice as a proper substitute. "If such as a carrier has a right to give, it is in its own nature and according to all the analogies of business, when brought home to the owner," and this must always be proved, a proposition, which if followed by the delivery of the parcel, fastens upon the transaction the conditions or other terms specified. Bignold v. Waterhouse, 1 Maule & Selw. 255, is very strongly illustrative of this position. The defendants have given the usual notice, that value above £5 must be entered and paid for. That not being done, Lord Ellenborough, C. J. said “ There was no contract at all between the plaintiffs and defendants; in which case non oritur actio.” In Batson v. Donovan, 4 Barn. & Alderson, 21, Best J. and the whole court agreed that though the carrier must make the proper inquiries, yet “ the effect of the notice is to prevent the necessity of a particular inquiry in each case.” Harris v. Packwood, 3 Taunt, 264, is also, that unless the notice be complied with, there is no contract at all, and in case of loss, the plaintiff can not recover even the lesser sum specified.

*268So long as the printed notice of a common carrier is confined to the purposes which I have enumerated, and others calculated to save himself, without mischief to his customer, or f°r die benefit of the latter, I see no objection in principle to give it full effect. So far it is not a refusal to carry for a reasonable reward. So far it is not a limitation of the carrier’s liability. He merely declares to the customer what is true and just: “You know the value of your goods ; I will not rummage your parcel; I will take your own account ; but I will not incur the responsibility of a common carrier unless your account shall prove true. If you commit a fraud or deal captiously or capriciously on your own part, you can not complain if my duty is reduced to that of a mandatary.” s

I have taken pains to look at the English cases concerning carriers’ notices, with a view to the principles mentioned ; and considering the loud and repeated .complaints which have been made against them as a pernicious innovation, I have been disappointed to find them, with very few exceptions, confined within those principles, and well sustained both by authority and the analogy of the law of insurance. To deny that nearly all of them, I do not say quite all, so far as they give general effect to such notices, are not to enter into and form a part of our own law, would, it appears to me, be to rise against the united authority of Westminster Hall, both before and since the revolution. I do not speak of the various qualifications under which they have been received, arising from some differences of language in the notices themselves, diversity of circumstances to which they have been applied, or the conflict of judicial authority. These may justly form the subject of complaint. But to make a difficulty in understanding and applying the language of commercial instruments an objection to the instruments themselves, would long since have stricken many such from existence.

Most of the litigation upon, this subject has arisen] from notices said to have been got up with a view to protect carriers by land in wheel carriages or sleighs. The cases are very numerous, and I can not pretend to cite them all; *269but will simply refer to such as I have found on considerable search, in order that it may be seen whenever thought worth while, how nearly they all come in principle and mostly even in words and letters, to the examples already exhibited from Smith v. Horne, and Gibbons v. Paynton. Vide, Yate v. Willan, 2 East, 128. Izett v. Mountain, 4 id. 371. Clark v. Gray, 6 id. 564. 2 Smith, 262, and 4 Esp. 177, S. C. Nicholson v. Willan, 5 East, 507, 2 Smith, 107, S. C. Batson v. Donovan, 4 Barn. & Aid. 21. Thorogood v. Marsh, 1 N. Gow. 105. Covington v. Willan, id. 115. Bignold v. Waterhouse, 1 Maule & Sel. 255. Riley v. Horne, 5 Bing. 217. Newborn v. Just, 2 Carr. & Payne, 76. Brooke v. Pickwick, 4 Bing. 218. Garnett v. Willan, 5 Barn. & Aid. 53. Bleat v. Fagg. id. 342. Bradley v. Waterhouse, 3 Carr. & Payne, 318. Macklin v. Waterhouse, 2 Moor. & Payne, 319, and Riley v. Horne, id. 331, both these cases reported in 5 Bing. 217, under the title of Riley v. Horne. Roskell v. Waterhouse, 2 Stark. 461. Hutton v. Bolton, 3 Doug. 59; 1 H. Black. 299, S. C. note. Kerr v. Willan, 6 Maule & Sel. 150; 2 Stark. R. 53, S. C. Davis v. Willan, 2 Stark. R. 279. Alfred v. Horne, 3 id. 136. Clayton. v. Hunt, 3 Campb. 27. Butler v. Heane, 2 id. 415. Rowley v. Horne, 10 Moor. 247; 3 Bing. 2 S. C. Beck v. Evans, 16 East, 243; 4 Campb. 267, S. C. Wilson v. Freeman, 3 id. 527. Levi v. Waterhouse, 1 Price, 280. Low v. Booth, 13 id. 329. Down v. Fromont, 4 Campb. 40. Munn v. Baker, 2 Stark. R. 255. Gougher v. Jolly, 1 Holt, N. P. Rep. 317. Cobden v. Bolton, 2 Campb. 108. Marsh v. Horne, 5 Barn. & Cress. 322. Bodenham v. Bennett, 4 Price, 31. Mayhew v. Eames, 3 Barn. & Cress. 601. Clay v. Willan, 1 H. Black. 298. If instead of looking at the original cases, any one be desirous of seeing their general character at a shorter glance, he will find many of them abstracted in Wheat. Selw. N. P. Carriers 2; and still more copiously in 5 Petersd. Abr. Carriers by land, p, 64 to 86, Am. ed. with Ham. SuppL Carriers, Notices, effect of, p, 227 to 236.

*270These notices have, in some of their aspects, been occasionally vindicated, per Lawrence, J., in Harry v. Packwood, 3 Taunt. 264, and Best, C. J., in Riley v. Horne. In t*ie case, Mansfield, C. J., complained of them as leading to frauds, by disclosures of value to persons standing around; but he adds, however inconvenient that may be, “ it seems that from the days of Aleyn down to this hour, the cases have again and again decided that the liability of a carrier may be so restrained.” Lord Ellenborough, in Down v. Fromont, 4 Campb. 40, expressed his sorrow that carriers had been allowed to limit their common law responsibility at all, and said that some legislative measure upon the subject would soon become necessary. Several statutes had then already been passed in England fixing limits to the responsibility of carriers by water ; and in 1830, the stat. 1 Wm. 4, 68, restrained the effect of the notice by land carriers; but adopted the great principle of the notice by requiring the owner to state the value of certain enumerated articles to the carrier at the time of delivery. A short abstract of these statutes are given in 2 Kent’s Comm. 605, and the note there. The statute of 1830, is stated more at large in id. 607, note c. And it is handsomely abridged section by section, with all its provisions, in Smith’s Mercantile Law, 170, 171,

Some few American books may be said to amount to a general recognition of the validity of the carrier’s notice, without, however, fixing any boundary to its object or operation. Orange County Bank v. Brown, 9 Wendell, 115, per Nelson, J.; Phillips v. Earle, & Pick. 182. Bean v. Green, 3 Fairfield, 422.

So much both for judicial and legislative action, the great mass of which has been directed to enforce a fair course of conduct.on the side of the bailor. ' They all go upon the most obvious ground: that a man shall not raise an action in his favor out of his own fraud or neglect.

C. J. Best, 2 Moor. & Payne, 341, 2, thus sums up the points which are material to the case before us; “ That a carrier is an insurer of the goods that he carries ; that he is obliged for a reasonable reward to carry any goods that *271are offered him, to the place to which he professes to carry goods, if his carriage will hold them and he is informed of their quality and value; that he is not obliged to take a package, the owner of which will not inform him what are its contents and of what value they are; that if he do not ask for this information, or if, when he asks and is not answered, he still takes the goods, he is answerable for their amount whatever that may be; that he may limit his responsibility as an insurer by notice.” It is the extent of this right of notice or of special acceptance which is the important object of attention.

Suppose all the reasonable terms of the carrier complied with; the value disclosed, or the goods weighed where that is required as it may be, per Nelson, J. in Orange Bank v. Brown, 9 Wendell, 114, Munn v. Baker, 2 Stark. R 255, the premium paid or secured without inquiry, or according to value or weight, the goods booked and placed in the eoach beyond the reach or the knowledge of the owner ; having come hundreds of miles perhaps of his journey, relying on coach owners who take all the benefits and privileges of common carriers, he meets on going into an office, for the first time with the unqualified notice, “ all baggage at the risk of the passenger.” Suppose a case of no notice, but simple refusal to take on common law terms ; no one will pretend that the carrier could enforce such a claim. Is the notice any thing more 1 It comes to the .bailor’s knowledge for the first time in his life. He is surprized with a declaration that all his reliance for the safety of his baggage is gone, unless he shall, in case of its loss have the luck to prove by the servants of the coach owner, the instruments of misfeasance or neglect, that one or the other has intervened. What is the reason that the common law will not excuse the carrier unless he show the act of God, or the enemies of the republic, or the misconduct of the plaintiff 1 This, says Lord Holt, “ is a politic establishment, contrived by the policy of the law for the safety of all persons the necessity of whose affairs require them to trust these sorts of persons, that they may be safe in their ways of dealing; for else these carriers might *272have an opportunity of undoing all persons that had any dealings with them, by combining with thieves &c., and yet doing it in such a clandestine manner as would not be possible to be discovered.” Coggs v. Bernard, 2 Ld. Raym. 918. Nor was this said of a barbarous people or a barbarous age; but in the reign of Queen Anne, of morals, arts and arms, an age distinguished as the Augustan era of England. As late as 1828, in Riley v. Horne, Best, C. J. said, “If the goods .should be lost or injured by the grossest negligence of the carrier or his servants, or stolen by them or by thieves in collusion with them, the owner would be unable to prove either of these causes of loss ; his witnesses must be the carrier’s servants, and they, knowing that they could not be contradicted, would excuse their masters and themselves. 2 Moor. & Payne, 337. It would be arrogant in any nation to claim a state of morals superior to those of England and especially to Scotland, where the same rigor prevails ; still more arrogant, not to say profane, to claim a national perfectability so high as to rise^ above temptation. Chancellor Kent admires the steady and firm support which the English courts have given to the salutary rule of law on this subject, without bending to popular sympathies, or yielding to the hardships of a particular case. 2 Kent’s Com. 601, 602, 3d ed.

Can the carrier in any way put an absolute limit in his own discretion on his own duty and responsibility, thus based upon foundations of public policy ? In the first place, how stand the books 1 In Kirkman v. Shawcross, 6 T. R. 14, it was held that dyers and bleachers might, by resolution and notice to their customers, enlarge their respective liens on goods bailed to them, so as to cover a general balance. But Lord Kenyon, C. J. differed the case from that of common carriers, who had no power to impose such terms. His words are, "They have no right to say they will not receive any goods but on their own terms though he recognized their right to the notice protective against the ■ fraud of the bailor. So he said of innkeepers, “ who are bound to protect the property of their guests. Ashurst, J. speaks of the obligation of innkeepers as indelible.” The *273same distinction was recognized by Alvanley, C. J. in Oppenheim v. Russell, 3 Bos. & Pull. 42, 47. He was followed by Rook, J. in the same case. Chambre, J. added that such a notice by a carrier would be “ so manifestly unreasonable and monstrous, that I think no legal agreement can be implied from such a notice.” In Lane v. Cotton, 1 Salk. 18, Holt, C. J. places the occupation of a carrier on the list of public employments, and adds that his undertaking is in proportion to his power and convenience. In the report of the same case, in 12 Mod. he thus groups the reasons for the duty of the carrier and the innkeeper; “ For what is the reason, that a carrier or innkeeper is bound to keep such goods as he receives, at his peril. It is grounded upon great equity and justice; for if they were not chargeable for loss of goods without assigning any particular default in them, they having such opportunity as they have by the trust reposed in them, to cheat all people, they would be so apt to play the rogue and cheat people, without almost a possibility of redress, by reason of the difficulty of proving a default particularly in them, that the inconveniency would be very great. And though one may think it a hard case that a poor carrier who is robbed on the road without any manner of default in him, should be answerable for all the goods he takes, yet the inconveniency would be far more intolerable if it were not so j for it would be in his power to combine with robbers, or to preteqd a robbery or some other accident without a possibility of remedy to the party; and the laws will not expose him to so great a temptation; but he must be honest at his peril.” Taking the arguments of Holt and Best, a relaxation of the common law rigor opens the high road to fraud, perjury, larceny and robbery. “ Common carriers must not understand,” says Lawrence, J. in Nicholson v. Willan, 2 Smith, 113, “ that they can impose any terms which they please upon persons who send goods.” Where is the boundary ? The defendant in the case before us, says the carrier himself is to prescribe it. If this be so, it is easy to see that the common law is overcome, for it never was thought that if this question were *274entrusted to the party instead of the law, the fences against damage and loss would stand for a moment. The case in hand is not an effort to secure a fair premium for carrying baggage. That premium is demanded and received in the name of passenger’s fare. To say the contrary, is against common sense and a shallow evasion; nor is it indeed pretended. You cannot raise a distinction in this way between a passenger and his traveling trunk, which is to contain his clothes and money for traveling expenses, and his books if he be on his way to college, as in this case.

I will now proceed to consider such few dicta and adjudications, as I have been able to find, in virtue of which I admit if they are to prevail the common carrier will himself hereafter give the law; and the result will be that in the course of a short time no single person, properly sustaining that character, will be left in the state. To this effect it is said we have the opinion ex