Trust Co. Bank v. Gloucester Corp.

The facts in this case are undisputed. On December 19, 1991, Sigma International, Inc. (Sigma), agreed to sell seafood to the Gloucester Corporation (Gloucester). On January 16, 1992, Sigma delivered to Gloucester under the agreement a quantity of scallops worth $143,391. The invoice from Sigma stated that the sale was “pending FDA *49release,” and included a payment term of “net 30 days from FDA release date.” The invoice also assigned Sigma’s rights in Gloucester’s account to the plaintiff, Trust Company Bank. On January 24, 1992, the defendants, Fleet National Bank and Cooperatieve Céntrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank, B.A., banks which held duly perfected security interests in all of Gloucester’s tangible and intangible personal property, including after-acquired property, determined that Gloucester was in default, and seized and liquidated all of Gloucester’s inventory, including the scallops.

The plaintiff commenced an action in the Superior Court against Gloucester and the defendants. As far as now relevont, the plaintiff sought to recover damages from the defendants for conversion of the scallops.2 On that claim, the defendants moved for summary judgment under Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (b), 365 Mass. 824 (1974), contending that they had enforceable security interests in all of Gloucester’s assets pursuant to G. L. c. 106, § 9-203 (1992 ed.).3 It was undisputed that the defendants had met the requirements of § 9-203 (1) (a) and (b), and the defendants maintained that they were entitled to judgment, as matter of law, on the requirement contained in § 9-203 (1) (c), namely that, under the sales agreement between Gloucester and Sigma, Gloucester had acquired “rights in the collateral.” A judge of the Superior Court denied the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, and they moved for reconsideration. The plaintiff op*50posed the defendants’ motion for reconsideration, and filed its own motion for summary judgment pursuant to Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (a), 365 Mass. 824 (1974). The judge allowed the defendants’ motion for reconsideration, and, after reconsideration, allowed the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.4 The plaintiff has appealed from the judgment in favor of the defendants, and we transferred the case to this court on our own motion. We now affirm the judgment.

The plaintiff argues that the defendants’ security interests could not attach to the scallops, and thus were subordinate to its rights as Sigma’s assignee, because Gloucester could not acquire “rights in the collateral” under G. L. c. 106, § 9-203 (1) (c), before obtaining “FDA release” of the scallops. We disagree.

The term “rights in the collateral” is not defined in the Uniform Commercial Code, and there is no relevant Massachusetts case law discussing the term. Authority from other jurisdictions, however, has defined the term broadly. While a debtor’s mere possession of goods usually is not enough to satisfy the “rights in the collateral” requirement of § 9-203 (1) (c), “[t]he cases generally hold . . . that where a debtor gains possession of collateral pursuant to an agreement endowing him with any interest other than naked possession, the debtor has acquired such rights as would allow [a] security interest to attach” under § 9-203 (emphasis added). Morton Booth Co. v. Tiara Furniture, Inc., 564 P.2d 210, *51214 (Okla. 1977). See Kinetics Technology Int’l Corp. v. Fourth Nat’l Bank, 705 F.2d 396, 399 (10th Cir. 1983); Litwiller Mach. & Mfg., Inc. v. NBD Alpena Bank, 184 Mich. App. 369, 372 (1990). See also In re Samuels & Co., 526 F.2d 1238, 1249 (5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Stowers v. Mahon, 429 U.S. 824 (1976); First Nat’l Bank v. Smoker, 153 Ind. App. 71, 80-81 (1972). Consistent with this standard, it has been held that, a debtor’s possession of goods with contingent rights of ownership, gives the debtor “rights in the collateral.” See In re County Green Ltd. Partnership, 438 F. Supp. 693, 696 (W.D. Va. 1977); Amfac Mortgage Corp. v. Arizona Mall of Tempe, Inc., 127 Ariz. 70, 73-74 (Ct. App. 1980); Evans Prods. Co. v. Jorgensen, 245 Or. 362, 366 (1966); Borg-Warner Acceptance Corp. v. C.I.T. Corp., 679 S.W.2d 140, 143 (Tex. Ct. App. 1984). See also 2 J.J. White & R.S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code § 24-6, at 322-323 (3d ed. 1988) (“What kind of ‘rights in the collateral’ may the debtor acquire that will suffice under 9-203 . . . .? If the goods are entirely owned by a third party, mere acquisition of possession by the debtor will not be enough. But there are intermediate cases in which the debtor acquires less than full ownership and courts hold that this is enough for attachment [to the extent of the value of the rights]. It follows that almost any ‘rights in the collateral’ will suffice under 9-203.” [Footnotes omitted] ).5

The delivery of the scallops by Sigma to Gloucester pursuant to their sales agreement gave Gloucester “rights in the *52collateral” for purposes of G. L. c. 106, § 9-203 (1) (c). Those rights arose under art. 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code governing sales.6 General Laws c. 106, § 2-501 (1) (1992 ed.), recognizes that, from the moment goods are identified to a contract of sale, the buyer has “a special property and an insurable interest.” Here, the scallops had been delivered pursuant to an agreement of sale that made sale and payment subject to inspection by a government agency. That condition, if not satisfied, might have relieved Gloucester of its obligation to pay, but the condition did not negate the existence of an actual sales agreement between Gloucester and Sigma.7 Gloucester had acquired a degree of control and authority over the scallops as well as “a special property and an insurable interest” in them under § 2-501 (1). These incidents were sufficient to allow the defendants’ security interests to attach to the scallops and to make the plaintiffs rights subordinate to the defendants’ liens in the absence of the plaintiff having a perfected purchase money security interest. See G. L. c. 106, §§ 9-107, 9-303, 9-312 (3) (1992 ed.). We view this result as comporting with the goal of art. 9, to promote efficiency and certainty in secured financing transactions. See Official Comment to § 9-101, 3 U.L.A. 60-61 (Master ed. 1992). Otherwise, if a buyer, like Gloucester is determined to lack “rights in the collateral,” a creditor’s valid security interest covering the goods constituting the collateral could be “defeated by the sort of hidden-title subter*53fuge the Code was intended to prevent.” Kinetics Technology Int’l Corp. v. Fourth Nat’l Bank, supra at 399.

Judgment affirmed.