Commonwealth v. Palmer

Botsford, J.

In this case we consider again what impact, if any, G. L. c. 94C, § 32L (§ 32L), which decriminalizes possession of one ounce or less of marijuana, has on the provisions of G. L. c. 94C, § 32C (a) (§ 32C [a]). See Commonwealth v. Keefner, 461 Mass. 507 (2012) (Keefner). The defendant was charged with cultivation of marijuana in violation of § 32C (a) and committing that violation in a school zone, G. L. c. 94C, § 32J, after police found several marijuana plants that collectively weighed less than one ounce growing in a closet in his *774home. A judge in the District Court granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss, concluding that under § 32L, a person who cultivates marijuana plants that weigh one ounce or less may not be charged with cultivation in violation of § 32C (á). The Commonwealth appealed pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 28E, and Mass. R. Crim. R 15 (a) (1), as appearing in 422 Mass. 1501 (1996), and we transferred the case to this court on our own motion. The Commonwealth argues that the case is controlled by this court’s decision in Keefner, supra, and that § 32L decriminalized simple possession, but not cultivation, of one ounce or less of marijuana. We agree with the Commonwealth and reverse the order allowing the defendant’s motion to dismiss.

Background. The undisputed facts as recounted by the motion judge are the following. On September 28, 2010, officers of the Adams police department consensually entered the defendant’s residence and arrested him on active warrants. While searching for the defendant in his home, the officers observed in plain view several marijuana plants growing in a closet.1 The cumulative weight of the marijuana found was less than one ounce.

A criminal complaint issued from the Northern Berkshire Division of the District Court Department charging the defendant with cultivation of marijuana and a school zone violation.2 See G. L. c. 94C, §§ 32C (a), 32J. After a nonevidentiary hearing, the judge allowed the defendant’s motion to dismiss. The judge concluded that § 32L “impliedly included within the ambit of decriminalization the crimes of cultivating marijuana *775with respect to quantities of one ounce or less.” Therefore, because the defendant “was cultivating an amount of marijuana that weighed less than an ounce[,] the defendant was not subject to criminal prosecution and instead should have been charged with a civil offense under G. L. c. 94C, § [32L].”3

Discussion. The question presented is what effect, if any, § 32L, inserted by St. 2008, c. 387, “An Act establishing a sensible State marihuana policy” (Act), has on the offense of cultivation under § 32C (a), where the amount of marijuana cultivated weighs one ounce or less. We begin with the text of the relevant statutes. Section 32C (a), provides, in pertinent part: “Any person who knowingly or intentionally manufactures, distributes, dispenses or cultivates, or possesses with intent to manufacture, distribute, dispense or cultivate [marijuana] shall be imprisoned . . . .” On November 4, 2008, the voters approved the Act, which changed the status of the offense of possession of one ounce or less of marijuana from criminal to civil. See Commonwealth v. Cruz, 459 Mass. 459, 464 (2011). Section 2 of the Act, codified at § 32L, provides in relevant part:

“Notwithstanding any general or special law to the contrary, possession of one ounce or less of marihuana shall only be a civil offense, subjecting an offender who is eighteen years of age or older to a civil penalty . . . but not to any other form of criminal or civil punishment or disqualification. . . .

“Nothing contained herein shall be construed to repeal or modify existing laws . . . concerning the operation of motor vehicles or other actions taken while under the influence of marihuana or tetrahydrocannabinol, laws concem-*776ing the unlawful possession of prescription forms of marihuana or tetrahydrocannabinol . . . , possession of more than one ounce of marihuana or tetrahydrocannabinol, or selling, manufacturing or trafficking in marihuana or tetrahydrocannabinol. Nothing contained herein shall prohibit a political subdivision of the Commonwealth from enacting ordinances or bylaws regulating or prohibiting the consumption of marihuana or tetrahydrocannabinol in public places and providing for additional penalties for the public use of marihuana or tetrahydrocannabinol. ”

Additionally, § 5 of the Act specifically amended G. L. c. 94C, § 34 (§ 34), a statute that renders criminal the knowing or intentional possession of any controlled substance. Pursuant to this amendment, the possession of marijuana under § 34 remains criminal “[ejxcept as provided in [§] 32L.”

In the Keefner case, we addressed the effect of § 32L on the offense of possession with intent to distribute, which, like cultivation, is a crime defined by § 32C (a). We concluded that § 32L did not repeal the criminal status of, or penalties applicable to, the crime of possession with intent to distribute where the amount of marijuana so possessed is one ounce or less. Keefner, 461 Mass, at 514. The defendant argues that Keefner does not control because cultivation does not implicate distribution and, by definition, the cultivation of one ounce or less of marijuana means possession of that quantity. Accordingly, the argument goes, because § 32L decriminalizes possession of one ounce or less of marijuana, it also decriminalizes its cultivation in that amount.4 The defendant’s argument presents a legal issue similar to the ques*777tion presented in Keefner, supra at 508, and our reasoning in that case governs here.

It is well established that “[a] statute is not to be deemed to repeal or supersede a prior statute in whole or in part in the absence of express words to that effect or of clear implication.” Commonwealth v. Harris, 443 Mass. 714, 725 (2005), quoting Commonwealth v. Hayes, 372 Mass. 505, 512 (1977). See Keefner, 461 Mass, at 513-514. Here, as in the Keefner case, the offense for which the defendant is charged, cultivation of marijuana, § 32C (a), and the offense of simple possession of marijuana, § 34, are “listed separately in the General Laws, have different elements, and are distinct.” Keefner, supra at 511.

By its terms, the Act decriminalized only “possession of one ounce or less of marihuana” and correspondingly amended only § 34, the statute defining the crime of simple possession, to exempt possession of one ounce or less of marijuana from criminal status and penalties. See Keefner, 461 Mass, at 512. The Act did not decriminalize any other type of conduct proscribed by G. L. c. 94C, and it did not amend any other provision in c. 94C other than § 34. We adhere to our view, see Keefner, supra at 511-512, that the Act’s specific amendment of § 34 and of no other criminal penalty provision in c. 94C — including, notably, § 32C (a) — is persuasive evidence that the Act was not intended to decriminalize any offense defined in c. 94C other than simple possession of one ounce or less of marijuana.

Moreover, the defendant offers no persuasive argument for why we should find an implied repeal of the provision in § 32C (a) proscribing cultivation when we declined to do so in relation to the provision in the very same section that proscribes possession with intent to distribute. Keefner, 461 Mass, at 513-514. Adhering to the principle that “a statute must be interpreted ‘as a whole,’ ” we conclude that § 32L did not repeal the offense of cultivation of marijuana under § 32C (a) where the amount of marijuana cultivated is one ounce or less.5 See Keefner, *778supra at 511, quoting Wolfe v. Gormally, 440 Mass. 699, 704 (2004).

We address briefly the interpretation of §§ 32C (a) and 32L proposed by Justice Duffly’s concurring opinion, which is different from that offered by the defendant but is also flawed. The concurrence posits that (1) the term “cultivation],” as used in § 32C (a), does not include (and apparently has never included) cultivation of marijuana for “personal use,” see post at 780; (2) cultivation only comes within § 32C (a)’s prohibition if it is undertaken with the intent to distribute (i.e., sell), see id. at 780-781; and (3) with the passage of § 32L, cultivation of one ounce or less of marijuana for personal use “is not a crime.” See id. at 782. This interpretation ignores the plain language of § 32C (a) and flies in the face of our guiding principles of statutory construction.

Section 32C (a) uses the word “cultivate” by itself. The section contains no language creating an exception for cultivation for “personal use” or indeed any exception at all. In interpreting a statute, “[w]e will not add words to a statute that the Legislature did not put there, either by inadvertent omission or by design.” Commonwealth v. Callahan, 440 Mass. 436, 443 (2003), quoting Commonwealth v. McLeod, 437 Mass. 286, 294 (2002). Moreover, as the concurrence acknowledges, post at 780, the word “cultivate” has a plain, ordinary meaning: “To grow or tend (a plant or crop).” American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 454 (3d ed. 1992). Our rules of statutory construction counsel that when the meaning of a word used in a statute is clear, we should interpret it in accordance with that meaning, without more.* ****6 See G. L. c. 4, § 6 (“Words and *779phrases shall be construed according to the common and approved usage of the language”); Commonwealth v. Poissant, 443 Mass. 558, 563 (2005), quoting Civitarese v. Middlebor-ough, 412 Mass. 695, 700 (1992) (“We will not read into the plain words of a statute a legislative intent that is not expressed by those words”). Compare Commonwealth v. Rahim, 441 Mass. 273, 277-278 (2004) (adhering to plain language where meaning of statute was clear), with, e.g., Commonwealth v. Scott, ante 355,358 (2013) (where meaning of statutory term is ambiguous, appropriate to look at language of statute as whole), and Commonwealth v. Hamilton, 459 Mass. 422, 431-433 (2011), citing 81 Spooner Rd. LLC v. Brookline, 452 Mass. 109, 115 (2008) (where statutory language is ambiguous, appropriate to look to legislative history). As the quoted definition indicates, the word “cultivate” refers to the process of growing a plant or crop, not the purpose for which the plant or crop is grown.7 Accordingly, we hold that the cultivation of one ounce or less of marijuana, regardless of its intended use, is a criminal offense under § 32C (a).

Conclusion. The allowance of the defendant’s motion to dismiss is reversed, and the case is remanded to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

So ordered.

According to the arresting officer, the closet also contained several lights, a large piece of foil, an electric timer device for the lights, a thermometer on the wall just above the plants, several packages of fertilizer, plastic bottles containing a liquid that the officer assumed was plant food or fertilizer, several glass smoking devices, empty clear plastic baggies, marijuana seeds, and a cardboard box with several prescription bottles inside, some of which had no labels.

The criminal complaint charged the defendant with “knowingly or intentionally possessing] with intent to manufacture, distribute, dispense or cultivate a controlled substance in Class D of G. L. c. 94C, § 31, to wit: MARIJUANA, in violation of G. L. c. 94C, § 32C (a).” However, the arresting officer’s statement of facts in support of an application for a criminal complaint alleged that the defendant was charged with “Cultivation of Marijuana,” the Commonwealth has proceeded on the theory that the defendant violated only the prohibition on “cultivation” in G. L. c. 94C, § 32C (a) (§ 32C [a]), and the judge treated the charge as cultivation pursuant to § 32C (a).

The District Court judge was the same judge who allowed the motion to dismiss in Commonwealth v. Keefner, 461 Mass. 507, 509 (2012) (Keefner), and he incorporated by reference its legal reasoning in his memorandum of decision and order in this case. In that case, the judge had dismissed a charge of possession with intent to distribute under § 32C (a) on the ground that Keefner possessed less than one ounce of marijuana and under G. L. c. 94C, § 32L (§ 32L), inserted by St. 2008, c. 387 (Act), possession of less than one ounce of marijuana with intent to distribute was no longer a criminal offense. In Keefner, supra at 518, this court reversed the allowance of Keefner’s motion to dismiss more than one year after the judge allowed the motion to dismiss in the present case.

The defendant also argues that § 32L “specifically exceptfs]” marijuana from the definition of a class D substance under G. L. c. 94C, § 31 (§ 31), where such definition would result in prosecution for possession of one ounce or less of marijuana. We disagree. Section 31 lists the substances that come within each of the five classes of controlled substances “[f]or the purposes of establishing criminal penalties for violation of a provision of [chapter 94C].” Under § 31, a “class D” substance includes, “[ujnless specifically excepted . . . , any material . . . which contains any quantity of . . . Marihuana.” Thus, § 31 defines what qualifies as class D in terms of the nature of the substance; it does not permit a substance’s status as class D to change depending on its quantity. Section 32L therefore cannot be read to “specifically except” from class D marijuana possessed in a quantity equal to or less than one ounce; it solely decriminalizes possession of that amount of the class D substance.

Finally, the practical difficulties associated in enforcing § 32L’s weight-based minimum in the context of cultivation further support our conclusion that the Act did not decriminalize the cultivation of one ounce or less of marijuana. Marijuana subject to possession penalties typically is confiscated *778and weighed in its dried, leaf form. However, cultivation involves marijuana in the form of live plants, including stems and roots. The Act’s minimum weight allowance did not provide any indication as to how live plants should be weighed to determine whether their weight exceeds the one-ounce statutory minimum.

The other three words used in § 32C (a), “manufacture,” “distribute,” and “dispense,” are all specifically defined in G. L. c. 94C, § 1. The statute does not define “cultivate.” It is particularly appropriate, therefore, to interpret the word according to its common usage. See Schulman v. Attorney Gen., 447 Mass. 189, 191 (2006), quoting Mazzone v. Attorney Gen., 432 Mass. 515, 526 (2000) (Legislature presumed to employ statutory terms in manner consistent with their “common and approved usage”).

There are a number of additional reasons the concurrence’s interpretation of the term “cultivation]” in § 32C (a) is problematic. For example, in concluding that cultivation of one ounce or less of marijuana for personal use is decriminalized or not a crime under § 32L, see post at 780, 782, the concurrence is, or logically must be, defining cultivation in that context as “possession,” because § 32L by its terms provides only that “possession of one ounce or less of marihuana shall only be a civil offense” (emphasis supplied). If “cultivation]” and “possession” mean the same thing, however, then § 32C (fl)’s proscription against “cultivation],” which the concurrence reads to prohibit only cultivation with intent to distribute, essentially would become superfluous. This follows because § 32C (a) expressly and separately prohibits possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance, including marijuana. It is a cardinal principle of statutory interpretation that “[n]one of the words of a statute is to be regarded as superfluous.” Commonwealth v. Woods Hole, Martha’s Vineyard & Nantucket S.S. Auth., 352 Mass. 617, 618 (1967).

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