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Full Opinion
KRAMER, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. FARLEY, Judge, filed a dissenting opinion in which NEBEKER, Chief Judge, joined. HOLDAWAY, Judge, filed a separate dissenting opinion.
The appellant, Alfred E. Allen, appeals a November 19, 1992, decision of the Board of Veteransâ Appeals (BVA or Board) which denied entitlement to service connection on a secondary basis for osteoarthritis of both hips and of the left knee. The Court has jurisdiction under 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a). For the reasons set forth below, the BVA decision is vacated, and the matter is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The appellant had active service from November 1955 to October 1957. Record (R.) at 94. His induction examination was normal. R. at 11-12. Service medical records reveal that in February 1956, the appellant sustained a strain of the paraspinal muscles without any evidence of fracture or dislocation. R. at 38, 43, 46, 71, 88. His separation examination, conducted on August 26, 1957, was normal. R. at 67-68. On August 28, 1957, the appellant sustained a sprain of the medial collateral ligament of the right knee. R. at 52-66.
In September 1989, the appellantâs service representative sent the following letter to the RO:
The above-named veteran contacted our office requesting an increase for his ser-viee[-]connected right knee condition. He is having a great deal more limitation of motion and pain.
Also, his left hip and left knee are being affected because of favoring his right knee. At his last VA exam, the doctor informed him that because of his service connected right knee, his gait was the primary reason for his left leg problems.
Therefore, we wish to file a claim for service connection for his left hip and knee disability under 38 C.F.R. [§] 3.310 [1989].
R. at 117. That same month, a VA official made the following notation on a VA Form 21-2507, Request for Physical Examination:
The veteran claims left hip & left knee problems are directly due to or proximately the result of his [service-connected] right knee condition. Are they, or are they merely aggravated by the [service-connected] right knee condition?
R. at 119 (emphasis added). A VA radiologic consultation report, also dated in September 1989, revealed diagnoses of: (1) degenerative joint disease (DJD) in both knees; (2) sclerosis, posteromedial cortex of right femur; (3) DJD in both hips; (4) prostatic calcifications; and (5) atherosclerotic vascular disease. R. at 125. In October 1989, the appellantâs service representative informed the RO that the appellant wished âto include service connection for both of [his] hips to [sic] his claim for service connection due to [DJD].â R. at 123. A VA orthopedic examination report from Dr. Merle McAlevy, also dated in October 1989, revealed the following impressions:
1) Post Traumatic Osteo Arthritis (R) knee â advanced.
2) Osteo Arthritis (L) knee and both hips â Note: cannot determine for certain if caused by # 1, but condition is definitely aggravated by [service-connected] Arthritis (R) knee.
R. at 133 (emphasis added). In December 1989, the RO denied entitlement to service connection for the appellantâs left knee and bilateral hip conditions on the basis that these disabilities were ânot proximately due to or the result of the veteranâs service-connected right knee condition.â R. at 141. The RO also denied an increased rating for the right knee condition. R. at 139.
Shortly after the RO issued its December 1989 rating decision, the appellant, through his representative, requested reconsideration of the decision, noting that the October 1989 VA examination report indicated that his âarthritis of the right knee aggravated his hips and left knee.â R. at 143. He stated that if reconsideration was not possible, then the RO should accept the letter as a Notice of Disagreement (NOD). Id. He also supplied the following quotation from MERCK Manual 1,196 (14th ed. 1982):
Biomechanical stresses may lead to chon-drocyte damage and proteolytic enzyme release resulting in articular cartilage degeneration. Osteoarthritis develops when cartilage repair does not keep pace with degeneration. Osteoarthritis may be secondary to chronic trauma or underlying joint disease. Prevalence is greater in men over age 45.
Id. His correspondence was accepted as an NOD, and the RO issued a Statement of the Case (SOC) on the issue of secondary service connection in February 1990. R. at 145-49. Also in February 1990, the appellant submitted a VA Form 1-9, Appeal to the BVA. He stated that the appeal should be resolved in his favor for three reasons: (1) his gait was affected by his service-connected injury; (2) the VA examiner stated that the appellantâs
A February 1990 VA progress note revealed an impression of DJD in the left knee and the hips. R. at 163. A March 1990 VA radiologic consultation report stated that x-rays of both knees showed âsignificant and severe degenerative changes bilaterally with the right greater than the left.â R. at 167. The examiner also noted sclerosis of the distal femoral metaphysis of no great clinical significance. Id. An April 1990 VA progress note stated that a February 1990 x-ray had shown severe degenerative changes in both knees, right greater than left, and degenerative changes bilaterally in both hips. R. at 155. In May 1990, the RO confirmed and continued the 20% evaluation of the right knee. R. at 171. The RO also continued to deny entitlement to service connection for left knee and hip conditions on the basis that âno etiology for the arthritis [of the left knee and hips] was offered.â Id. (Emphasis added.) In June 1990, the RO issued a Supplemental SOC (SSOC) on the issue of secondary service connection. R. at 174-76.
In August 1990, the appellantâs representative submitted a statement to the BVA reiterating that Dr. McAlev/s October 1989 diagnosis had indicated that the appellantâs left knee and hip conditions were âdefinitely aggravatedâ by the service-connected right knee condition. R. at 182. In September 1990, Dr. James F. Stanosheck, a private physician, wrote a letter to the BVA which stated:
This letter will certify that [the appellant] has been under my medical care for a number [of] years. He has a degenerative arthritic condition that involves both hips and both knees. He originally injured his right knee while on active duty in the [s]ervice, and he has a [s]ervice-eonnected disability for the right kneeâs degenerative condition.
Due to favoring his right knee, the patient has subsequently developed degenerative disease involving both hips and, now, the left knee. This is to the point where he is completely disabled with regard to gainful employment, and he must use a cane for ambulation, particularly when climbing stairs. The patient could be gainfully employed were it not for the degenerative arthritic condition. It would seem that he has developed a higher degree of disability resulting from, his original injury than he is presently being allotted for.
R. at 188 (emphasis added).
In June 1991, the BVA remanded to the RO the issues of entitlement to service connection for osteoarthritis of both hips and of the left knee, stating as follows:
The veteran should be examined by a board of two VA orthopedists (who have not previously evaluated him) in order to offer an opinion as to the question of whether his left knee and hip arthritis was caused by his service-connected right knee disorder. The claims folder should be made available for review.
R. at 193 (italics added; underscoring in original). In July 1991, a VA official made the following notation on a VA Form 21-2507, Request for Physical Examination:
The veteran should be examined by a board of two VA orthop[edists] in order to offer an opinion as to whether arthritis of the hips [and] left knee is directly due to or proximately the result of the [service-connected] right knee condition.
R. at 207.
An August 1991 VA radiology report contained impressions of severe arthritis of the right knee and arthritic changes in both hips, but stated that â[t]he left knee show[ed] no significant abnormality.â R. at 196-97. That same month, the appellant was examined by Dr. Thull, a VA orthopedist. Dr. Thullâs impression was: âOld ligamentous injury (R) knee w/ significant DJD of medial compartment (R) knee and significant DJD bilat[eral] hips.â R. at 208. In September 1991, a VA rating specialist made the following notation:
Return the [VA Form] 2507 for completion. The question ... concerning the*443 etiology of the arthritis in the hips and left knee was not answered.
We asked that the veteran be examined and his records be reviewed by two orthopedists] but apparently only one looked at him.
R. at 200 (emphasis added).
In December 1991, the appellant was examined by Dr. Bryan D. Bredthauer, a private orthopedic surgeon. Dr. Bredthauerâs impression was as follows:
My clinical impression is that this gentleman suffers from post-traumatic [DJD] of his right knee secondary to his old ligamentous injury. He has mild changes of [DJD] present in his left knee which cannot be ascribed to that injury_ I suspect that a great deal of his left knee pain is referred pain from his arthritic hip. His bilateral [DJD] of the hips is most likely due to a mild case of slipped capital femoral epiphysis as an adolescent as evidenced by his radiographs_ I am unaware of any study indicating that [DJD] of a knee could be the etiology of ipsilateral [DJD] of the hip. The essentially symmetrical degenerative changes found in his hips would argue against his left hip disease being attributable to the right knee.
R. at 203-04 (emphasis added).
In February 1992, due to the fact that Dr. Thull had not answered the question posed on the VA Form 2507, Request for Physical Examination, the form was returned to him, and a VA rating specialist made the following notation:
Return the [VA Form] 2507 for completion. The question asked ... was not answered by the VA orthop[edist] ([i]t was answered by the fee[-]basis orthop[edist]). The VA orthop[edist] must give his opinion on the question of etiology of the left knee and bilateral hip condition.
Make the folder available for review by the orthop[edist].
R. at 211 (emphasis added). In March 1992, Dr. Thull apparently provided the following impressions (see R. at 222): (1) DJD, right knee, secondary to previous injury; (2) DJD left knee, âideopathic [sic]â (defined in Dorlandâs Medical Dictionary 815 (27th ed. 1988) as âof the nature of an idiopathy [a morbid state of spontaneous origin; one neither sympathetic nor traumatic]; self-originated; of unknown causationâ); (3) DJD, hips, âprobablyâ secondary to slipped capital femoral epiphysis or coxa vara as a juvenile. R. at 211. That same month, the RO issued a confirmed rating decision denying entitlement to service connection for arthritis of the left knee and both hips on the basis that both orthopedists opined that such conditions were ânot due to the arthritis in the right knee.â R. at 213. The RO issued an SSOC in April 1992. R. at 216-19.
In July 1992, the appellantâs representative filed a VA Form 1-646, Statement of Accredited Representation in Appealed Case, expressing the appellantâs concern that the RO had not correctly applied the doctrine of reasonable doubt. He argued, in essence, that the RO merely relied on the opinions of the two orthopedists and did not consider the opinions of Dr. McAlevy and Dr. Stanosheck, and that, when these two opinions are added to the others, the medical opinions are split as to the relationship between the right knee condition and the conditions of the left knee and hips. R. at 221-23. In September 1992, the appellantâs representative wrote a letter to the BVA pointing out that the December 1991 examination was performed by a fee-basis physician, contrary to the BVAâs remand instruction which required the examination to be conducted by a board of two VA orthopedists. The representative also requested that the issue of an increased evaluation for arthritis of the right knee be referred to the RO for adjudication. R. at 225.
II. APPELLATE BACKGROUND: BVA AND RELEVANT COURT DECISIONS
In December 1991, the Court issued its decision in Tobin v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 34 (1991). In Tobin, the veteran had appealed a BVA decision which had denied entitlement to service connection for arthritis of the left knee, secondary to a service-connected cavus deformity of the left foot, and which specifically found that the evidence submitted since its prior decision had failed to present a new factual basis for allowing service connection.
It may be that appellantâs initial arthritis in both his left and right knees is not service-connected and that it is only the increase in the amount of arthritis in appellantâs left knee which is secondary to his service-connected left-foot disorder and, therefore, service connected_ 38 C.F.R. § 3.310(a) (1991) states:
Disability which is proximately due to or the result of a service-connected disease or injury shall be service connected. When service connection is thus established for a secondary condition, the secondary condition shall be ⢠considered a part of the original condition.
Appellant has presented statements from at least four physicians to the effect that his left-knee condition is related to his service-connected left-foot condition-Even if appellantâs original arthritis was not caused by appellantâs left-foot disorder, the doctorsâ statements support a finding of aggravation of arthritis in the left knee. That aggravation constitutes an increase in the disability. Under [38 C.F.R. §] 3.310(a) such an increase in â[disability proximately due to or the result of a service-connected disease or injury shall be service connected.â
Tobin, 2 Vet.App. at 39 (emphasis added except for the final use of the word âincreaseâ).
In November 1992, the BVA in the instant case denied entitlement to service connection on a secondary basis for osteoarthritis of the left knee and both hips. The BVAâs analysis, which did not address the Courtâs holding in Tobin, supra, consisted of the following:
The medical evidence of record clearly demonstrates no etiological relationship between the veteranâs service-connected right knee arthritis and the subsequent onset of left knee and bilateral hip arthritis. In fact, this evidence indicates that the veteranâs hip arthritis was a direct result of the mild case of slipped capital femoral epiphysis suffered as an adolescent. This was confirmed by x-ray findings. Moreover, both examiners stated that they could not attribute the veteranâs left knee arthritis to his service-connected right knee disability. Therefore, the [BVA] concludes that [the] preponderance of the evidence favors the [conclusion] that the veteranâs left knee and bilateral hip arthritis is not proximately due to or the result of the veteranâs service-connected right knee disability.
R. at 8 (emphasis added).
In February 1993, the Court issued its decision in Leopoldo v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 216 (1993). In Leopoldo, the veteran had appealed a BVA decision denying entitlement to service connection for a low back disability, secondary to a service-connected right knee disability. As to the question of a secondary relationship between the two disabilities, the Court, stated as follows:
The provisions of [38 U.S.C. §] 1110 must be read in the context of the whole statutory scheme. See Sutherland Stat. Const. § 46.05 (5th Ed). â[E]ach part or section [of a statute] should be construed in connection with every other part or section so as to produce a harmonious whole.â Talley v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 282, 286 (1992).... In the absence of any statutory definition in chapter 11 or in the title-wide definition section 101 of Title 38, U.S.Code, the Court draws pertinent guidance from the statutory definition in 38 U.S.C.[] § 1701(1) ..., which defines âdisabilityâ as follows: âThe term âdisabilityâ means a disease, injury, or other physical or mental defect.â The Court adopts this definition for purposes of construing section 1110. This affords the same meaning to the term âdisabilityâ for' purposes of determining eligibility for disability compensation for service-connected disabilities*445 under chapter 11 as applies for purposes of determining eligibility for health care for such disabilities under chapter 17.
Under this construction, section 1110 provides for disability compensation only for a present âdisease, injury, or other physical or mental defectâ resulting from âpersonal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty,â or for in-service aggravation of a pre-existing disease or injury, but not for aggravation of a non-service-connected condition by a service-connected condition.
Leopoldo, 4 Vet.App. at 219 (emphasis added). The Court remanded for other reasons, but stated that the veteran was free âto offer additional evidence as to whether his service-connected [right knee] injury caused, rather than merely aggravated, his present back condition.â Id.
The appellant in the instant case filed a Notice of Appeal in March 1993. On November 3, 1994, the appeal was submitted to the full Court for decision. On November 9, 1994, the Court ordered that the parties each provide a memorandum of law addressing the following question:
Where a claimantâs service-connected disability aggravates, but is not the proximate cause of, a non-service-connected disability, is the claimant entitled to service connection for that increment in severity of the non-service-connected disability attributable to the service-connected disability?
In response to the Courtâs November 9,1994, order, the appellant, the Secretary, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars (as amicus curiae in support of the appellant) each filed separate memoranda answering the Courtâs question in the affirmative.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Issue Necessitating En Banc Review
The BVA found that the medical evidence in this case âclearly demonstrates no etiological relationship between the veteranâs service-connected right knee arthritis and the subsequent onset of left knee and bilateral hip arthritis.â R. at 8 (emphasis added). Dorlandâs Illustrated Medical Dictionary 587 (27th ed. 1988) defines etiology as âthe study or theory of the factors that cause disease and the method of their introduction to the host; the cause(s) or origin of a disease....â (Emphasis added.) Thus, it appears that the BVA was requiring a causal connection between the service-connected disability and the âsubsequent onsetâ of another disease.
A review of the medical evidence of record demonstrates that Dr. McAlevy opined that the arthritis in the left knee and both hips was âdefinitely aggravatedâ by the appellantâs service-connected right knee condition (R. at 133), and that there are no medical opinions to the contrary. See R. at 188, 203-04, 213. (Note: Unless otherwise indicated, the Court will use the terms âaggravationâ and âaggravatedâ as general terms referring to any increase in disability. This is to be distinguished from the more specific form of the term âaggravationâ as defined in 38 U.S.C. § 1153, infra at part III.A.1., and 38 C.F.R. § 3.306(a) (1994), which authorize compensation for an increase in disability resulting from aggravation during service of an injury or disease which existed before service.) The BVA did not address Dr. McAlevyâs opinion in terms of the interpretation set forth in Tobin, 2 Vet.App. at 39, requiring that aggravation of a non-service-eonnected disability by a service-connected disability is, itself, entitled to service connection. See 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1); Gabrielson v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 36, 39 (1994) (citing Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 53 (1990), and holding that the Board, in its statement of reasons or bases, must discuss all material evidence beneficial to the appellant). If the interpretation set forth in Tobin prevails, such discussion was necessary. If the interpretation set forth in Leopoldo, 4 Vet.App. at 219, prevails, the Court would first be faced with the question whether To-bin is nevertheless applicable to this appeal in view of the doctrines announced in Karnas v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 308, 313 (1991) (where the law changes after a claim has been filed or reopened but before the administrative or judicial process has been concluded, the version most favorable will apply unless Congress provided otherwise or permitted the Secretary to provide otherwise and the Secretary did so), and Bethea v.
In order to determine which interpretation of the law should prevail, en banc review is required. See U.S.Vet.App.R. 35(c) (en banc review is necessary in order to secure or maintain uniformity of the Courtâs decisions); Bethea, 2 Vet.App. at 254 (only the en banc Court may overturn a panel decision). Thus, the question necessitating en banc review in this case is that question (quoted in its entirety, supra) posed by the Court in its November 9, 1994, order. For the reasons set forth below, the Court holds that the Tobin interpretation of the law prevails. See Brown v. Gardner, â U.S. -, -, 115 S.Ct. 552, 555, 130 L.Ed.2d 462 (1994) (citing King v. St. Vincentâs Hospital, 502 U.S. 215, 220-21, n. 9, 112 S.Ct. 570, 573-74, n. 9, 116 L.Ed.2d 578 (1991)) (âinterpretive doubt is to be resolved in the veteranâs favorâ).
Section 1110 of title 38, U.S.Code (found in chapter 11 of that title, which deals with compensation for service-connected disability or death), provides that compensation will be paid for âdisability resulting from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty, or for aggravation of a preexisting injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty,â to any veteran who was âdischarged or released under conditions other than dishonorable.â (Emphasis added.) See 38 U.S.C. § 1131; 38 C.F.R. § 3.303 (1994). Section 3.310(a) of title 38, Code of Federal Regulations, which applies to secondary service connection for a disability and which derives from § 1110, provides:
Disability which is proximately due to or the result of a service-connected disease or injury shall be service connected. When service connection is thus established for a secondary condition, the secondary condition shall be considered a part of the original condition.
(Emphasis added.) As the Court in Leopoldo correctly recognized, entitlement to service connection for aggravation of a non-service-connected condition by a service-connected condition rests upon the meaning of âdisabilityâ in 38 U.S.C. § 1110. Service connection under 38 C.F.R. § 3.310 (1994) is also controlled by the same meaning of âdisabilityâ which is applicable to § 1110.
Before discussing the two possible meanings of âdisabilityâ under § 1110, infra at III.A.1. and H.A.2., a third alternative has been suggested by a dissenting judge. Simply put, that dissenterâs view is that compensation may be awarded under § 1110 only where disability has been incurred in or aggravated by service, and thus neither a second condition attributable to a service-connected condition nor the increase in severity of a second condition attributable to a service-connected condition is itself entitled to service connection. The simple response is that such proposition flies in the face of the statutory language of § 1110 (âdisability resulting from ...â) which awards compensation based on disability caused by a disease or injury incurred in or aggravated by service rather than limiting compensation only to disability actually present in service, i.e., as advanced by the dissent, disability contracted in line of duty.
1. Interpretation I: Service-Connected Condition Must Cause Another Condition
In Leopoldo, 4 Vet.App. at 219, the Court, pursuant to the analysis quoted in part II, supra, interpreted § 1110âs use of the word âdisabilityâ to exclude the possibility that service connection could be granted and disability compensation could be awarded for aggravation of a non-service-connected condition by a service-connected condition, but instead limited service connection and the payment of disability compensation to situations where a present disease, injury, or other physical or mental defect resulted from a previous injury or disease which is service connected â that is, where the service-connected condition caused the other condition. In so doing, the Court in Leopoldo adopted and relied upon the definition of âdisabilityâ found at 38 U.S.C. § 1701(1) (disease, injury, or other physical or mental defect).
2. Interpretation II: Service-Connected Condition Must Cause or Aggravate Another Condition
A different interpretation of the word âdisability,â one that would also permit service
Section 1701 expressly states that the definitions in that section are provided â[f]or the purposes ofâ chapter 17 of title 38, U.S.Code. On the other hand, as correctly acknowledged in Leopoldo, Congress did not include a definition of disability among either the title-wide definitions in 38 U.S.C. § 101 or the chapter 11 definitions in 38 U.S.C. § 1101. This is true despite the fact that §§ 101 and 1101 were reenacted simultaneously with § 1701 in the Act of September 2, 1958, Pub.L. No. 85-857, §§ 101, 301, 601, 72 Stat. 1105, 1106, 1118, 1141 (1958). See also Veteransâ Benefits Act of 1957, Pub.L. No. 85-56, §§ 101, 301, 501, 71 Stat. 83, 88, 94, 110 (1957) (same provisions prior to codification in title 38 of U.S.Code). Because Congress specifically limited the application of the § 1701(1) definition of âdisability,â it is reasonable to infer that Congress did not intend that definition to control the meaning of âdisabilityâ in other parts of the statute. See U.A. 198 Health & Welfare, Education and Pension Funds v. Rester Refrigeration Service, Inc., 612 F.Supp. 1033, 1037 (M.D.La.1985), aff'd, 790 F.2d 423 (5th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 904, 108 S.Ct. 1074, 99 L.Ed.2d 233 (1988) (application of a definition found in one part of a statute to a different part of the statute, when Congress has specifically limited the definition to the one part, is not sound statutory construction).
Rather, as argued by the Secretary in his memorandum in response to the November 9, 1994, order of the Court, Congress, in defining âdisability,â only in and for purposes of chapter 17, most likely intended the definition to apply only to that chapter. Secretaryâs Memorandum (Mem.) at 8-9. Chapter 17 of title 38, U.S.Code, establishes standards under which a person may be eligible for VA health care and services for a particular âdisability,â i.e., for the purposes of obtaining treatment for a particular disease, injury, or defect. See, e.g., 38 U.S.C. §§ 1710, 1712. Accordingly, the definition of âdisabilityâ in § 1701(1) (disease, injury, or other physical or mental defect) is consistent with the general context and purposes of chapter 17.
The absence of a single generally applicable definition in 38 U.S.C. § 101, which would control the interpretation of that term in other parts of title 38, suggests that the term âdisabilityâ may reasonably be interpreted as having different meanings in different parts of title 38. See Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States, 286 U.S. 427, 433, 52 S.Ct. 607, 608-09, 76 L.Ed. 1204 (1932) (where the subject matter to which words refer is not the same in the several places where they are used, or the conditions are different, the meaning may well vary to meet the purposes of the law). Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 1155, the level of compensation payable under chapter 11 is determined according to âthe average impairments of earning capacity resulting from [specific] injuriesâ or âcombination of injuries.â See 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (1994) (level of compensation paid under chapter 11 is determined according to âthe average impairment in earning capacity resulting from [all types of] diseases and injuries [encountered as a result of or incident to military service] and their residual conditionsâ). Thus, in view of the statutory purpose to compensate veterans based upon degree of impairment of earning capacity, the direction in § 1110 to pay compensation â[f]or disabilityâ resulting from injury or disease may reasonably be construed as a direction to pay compensation for impairment of earning capacity resulting from such injury or disease. Cf. 38 U.S.C. § 1153 (authorizing compensation for âan increase in disabilityâ resulting from aggravation during service of an injury or disease which existed before service).
Moreover, in Hunt v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 292 (1991), the Court was faced with interpreting 38 U.S.C. § 353 (redesignated without change as § 1153 by the Department of Veterans Affairs Codification Act, Pub.L. No. 102-83, § 5(a), 105 Stat. 378, 406 (1991) (found at 38 U.S.C. § 101 note) [hereinafter § 1153]), which provides:
A preexisting injury or disease will be considered to have been aggravated by active military, naval, or air service, where there is an increase in disability during*448 such service, unless there is a specific finding that the increase in disability is due to the natural progress of the disease.
See 38 C.F.R. § 3.306(a). Specifically, in interpreting the term âdisabilityâ in § 1153, the Court stated:
The term, âdisabilityâ, as contemplated by the VA regulations, means âimpairment in earning capacity resulting from ... [all types of] diseases or injuries [encountered as a result of or incident to military service] and their residual conditions_â 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (1990)....
Such a definition of âdisabilityâ follows the overall statutory and regulatory purpose of the veterans compensation law. This purpose is reflected in the ratings system, which rates different mental and physical maladies based upon diminished earning capacity_ Hence, although âdisabilityâ is not defined by [§ 1153] for compensation purposes, the regulatory definition adopted [in 38 C.F.R. § 4.1] is a reasonable one.
Hunt, 1 Vet.App. at 296-97 (emphasis added). Because both §§ 1110 and 1153 are contained in chapter 11 of title 38, U.S.Code, the Hunt decision lends support to the proposition that the term âdisabilityâ as used in chapter 11, and specifically in § 1110, should be construed to refer to impairment of earning capacity due to disease, injury, or defect, rather than to the disease, injury, or defect itself. See United Sav. Assân of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Assocs., 484 U.S. 365, 371, 108 S.Ct. 626, 630, 98 L.Ed.2d 740 (1988) (â[a] provision that may seem ambiguous in isolation is often clarified by the remainder of the statutory scheme ... because only one of the permissible meanings produces a substantive effect that is compatible with the rest of the lawâ). Under this interpretation, the result announced in Tobin, quoted in Part II, supra, should govern.
3. Resolution of Conflicting Interpretations
The Supreme Courtâs recent decision in Gardner, supra, decided after the issuance of both Tobin and Leopoldo, provides the Court with critical guidance as to which interpretation should prevail. In Gardner, â U.S. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 555, the Supreme Court stated that âinterpretive doubt is to be resolved in the veteranâs favor.â Under this language, resolving doubt between interpretations I and II, supra, requires that such doubt be resolved in favor of interpretation II, that which is more favorable to the veteran. For this reason, and for the reasons outlined in part III.A.2., the Court holds that the term âdisabilityâ as used in § 1110 refers to impairment of earning capacity, and that such definition mandates that any additional impairment of earning capacity resulting from an already service-connected condition, regardless of whether or not the additional impairment is itself a separate disease or injury caused by the service-connected condition, shall be compensated. As stated by the Secretary in his memorandum in response to the Courtâs November 9, 1994, order:
[T]o the extent [that] such additional disability is literally a result of âpersonal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty,â under 38 U.S.C. § 1110, service connection should be established. In such a case, the additional âdisabilityâ results from the original service-connected condition.
Mem. at 13-14. Thus, pursuant to § 1110 and § 3.310(a), when aggravation of a veteranâs non-service-connected condition is proximately due to or the result of a service-connected condition, such veteran shall be compensated for the degree of disability (but only that degree) over and above the degree of disability existing prior to the aggravation. Cf 38 C.F.R. § 3.322 (1994) (in compensating for aggravation of a preservice disability by active service, it âis necessary to deduct from the present evaluation the degree, if ascertainable, of the disability existing at the time of entrance into active service, in terms of the rating schedule ... â).
In considering the proposition that the term âdisabilityâ in chapter 11 means something different from that termâs definition in chapter 17, the Court has considered whether this will produce an undesirable result in terms of VA health-care eligibility under chapter 17. We have concluded that such undesirable result will not occur because dis
As stated above, the BVA relied exclusively upon a rule which required an etiological relationship between the appellantâs service-connected right knee arthritis and the subsequent onset of arthritis in his left knee and hips. See R. at 8. Because the Court has determined that the interpretation announced in Tobin, 2 Vet.App. at 39, is the correct standard to be applied, the matter must be remanded to the BVA to determine whether the appellantâs right knee arthritis aggravated his left knee and hip arthritis, and, if so, what level of disability is attributable to such aggravation.
B. Other Issues
1. Etiological Relationship Between Conditions
Each decision of the BVA must contain âa written statement of the Boardâs findings and conclusions, and the reasons or bases for those findings and conclusions, on all material issues of fact and law presented on the record.â 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(i); see Quiamco v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 304, 308 (1994); Wilson v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 103, 107 (1993);