Thrifty Oil Co. v. Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association

ORDER AND AMENDED OPINION

The opinion filed November 19, 2002, is hereby amended to include the following:

Bank of America (“BofA”) seeks an award of attorney’s fees incurred in connection with this appeal. 1 Thrifty disputes BofA’s eligibility for attorney’s fees, arguing that BofA waived its right to fees in a settlement agreement entered into during proceedings in the bankruptcy court. Thrifty also argues that even if BofA did not waive its right to attorney’s fees, fees should not be awarded because the primary issues on appeal were based on federal, rather than state, law.

Thrifty contends that BofA waived its right to seek attorney’s fees when it entered into a settlement agreement that provided, inter alia, “[i]n full satisfaction of any and all post-Petition Date claims against the Debtors ... the Debtors shall have no liability for post-Petition Date [attorney’s fee] expenditures.” However, the Swap Claim is a pre-Petition claim and is not subject to this waiver. See In re Healthco Int’l, Inc., 272 B.R. 510, 512 (1st Cir. B.A.P.2002) (“[C]laims founded on executed prepetition contracts are prepetition claims.”). Accordingly, we reject Thrifty’s waiver argument and consider the merits of BofA’s request for fees.

Attorney’s fees may be awarded to an unsecured creditor in a bankruptcy proceeding only to the extent that state law *1041 governs the substantive issues and authorizes the court to award fees. Renfrow v. Draper, 232 F.3d 688, 694 (9th Cir.2000). In Renfrow, a creditor, the debtor’s former wife, successfully sought a judgment that certain debts were nondischargeable. 232 F.3d at 694. In order to prove nondis-chargeability, the creditor was required to demonstrate the validity of the parties’ divorce decree, which assigned the debts at issue to the debtor. Id. After judgment was entered in the creditor’s favor, she sought attorney’s fees pursuant to a “hold harmless” provision in the divorce decree. Id. at 691. We held that the creditor was entitled to the portion of attorney’s fees incurred in connection with litigating state law issues; namely, the validity and amount of debts owed to her under the divorce decree. Id. at 694.

Under Renfrow, a creditor can recover attorney’s fees incurred in connection with litigating the validity of a contract, even if the ultimate issue in the case is one of bankruptcy law. By contrast, the mere presence of an attorney’s fees provision in the contract giving rise to the debt at issue does not entitle a prevailing party to attorney’s fees. See In re Hashemi, 104 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir.1996) (“[T]he question of the applicability of the bankruptcy laws to particular contracts is not a question of the enforceability of a contract but rather involves a unique, separate area of federal law.”) (citing In re Coast Trading Co., 744 F.2d 686, 693 (9th Cir.1984)). Our past cases awarding attorney’s fees to prevailing debtors conform to the same basic principles. See In re Baroff, 105 F.3d 439, 440-42 (9th Cir.1997) (awarding fees incurred by a prevailing party debtor in defending a state law fraudulent inducement claim, but refusing to award fees incurred in connection with a related issue of bankruptcy law).

Renfrow, Hashemi, and Baroff permit a prevailing party in a bankruptcy proceeding to receive attorney’s fees incurred while litigating the enforceability of a contract. The California Bucket Shop law, if applicable, would have rendered the Swap Claim at issue unenforceable. We therefore conclude that BofA is entitled to attorney’s fees incurred in connection with its successful defense of Thrifty’s Bucket Shop objection on appeal.

Thrifty’s § 502(b) objection, by contrast, was purely an issue of federal bankruptcy law. See Vanston Bondholders Protective Committee v. Green, 329 U.S. 156, 163, 67 S.Ct. 237, 91 L.Ed. 162 (1946) (holding that when, and under what circumstances, federal courts will allow interest on claims against debtor’s estates has long been decided by federal law). Thus, the issue of attorney’s fees in a § 502(b) case would ordinarily be a straightforward issue; because § 502(b) is exclusively governed by federal law, no fees could ordinarily be awarded to a prevailing party, absent a bankruptcy statute to the contrary.

The instant case, however, is somewhat atypical because, even though state law was irrelevant to the § 502(b) issue, the district court specifically requested that the parties brief issues of state contract law. The parties did so, and even though the district court ultimately decided the issue on purely federal grounds, the parties’ appellate briefs repeatedly reference state contract law.

Despite the district court’s error, we believe that a prevailing party should not be entitled to attorney’s fees for litigation of state law issues merely tangential to an issue of federal bankruptcy law. This conclusion is consistent with our prior cases, in which we have awarded attorney’s fees to prevailing bankruptcy parties only where the validity or enforceability of a contract was expressly at issue. Here, even though the parties were misled by the district court’s order to brief issues of *1042 state contract law, neither validity nor enforceability of the Swap Agreement was ever a true component of the § 502(b) issue.

For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT Bank of America’s petition for attorney’s fees with respect to fees incurred litigating the California Bucket Shop issue, and DENY the petition with respect to fees incurred litigating the § 502(b) issue. The case is referred to the Appellate Commissioner for a determination of the level of fees incurred by BofA in litigating the Bucket Shop issue on appeal. The Commissioner is authorized to enter a judgment for that amount against Thrifty.

OPINION

The decision of the District Court granting summary judgment to appellee Bank of America is hereby AFFIRMED for the reasons stated in Judge Whelan’s opinion, reported at Thrifty Oil Co. v. Bank of America (In re Thrifty Oil Co.), 249 B.R. 537 (S.D.Cal.2000). The District Court’s opinion is set forth below in h?&c verba:

“Thrifty Oil Company (“Thrifty”) appeals an order of the United States Bankruptcy Court, the Honorable Louise De-Carl Adler presiding, granting a motion for summary judgment brought by Bank of America National Trust & Savings Association (“BofA”). This Court has appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 158(a)(1) & (c)(1)(A).

This appeal presents two questions: (1) whether “termination damages” under an interest rate swap agreement, entered into between a lender and a borrower as part of a larger financing transaction, constitute unmatured interest disallowed under Section 502(b)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code, and (2) whether interest rate swap agreements violate California’s Bucket Shop Law. On summary judgment, the Bankruptcy Court answered both questions in the negative and entered judgnent in favor of BofA. See In re Thrifty Oil Co., 212 B.R. 147 (Bankr.S.D.Cal.1997).

The Court has read and considered Thrifty’s opening, reply and supplemental briefs, BofA’s responsive and supplemental briefs, all attached exhibits, the arguments of counsel and the applicable law. For the reasons expressed below, the Court AFFIRMS the judgment of the Bankruptcy Court.

I. Introduction

To more thoroughly understand the facts of this case and the legal issues presented, the Court will provide a brief overview of derivative swap agreements. 1 A “swap” is a contract between two parties (“counterparties”) to exchange (“swap”) cash flows at specified intervals, calculated by reference to an index. Parties can swap payments based on a number of indi-ces including interest rates, currency rates and security or commodity prices.

The “plain-vanilla” interest rate swap, the simplest and most common type of swap contract, obligates one counterparty to make payments equal to the interest which would accrue on an agreed hypothetical principal amount (“notional amount”), during a given period, at a specified fixed interest rate. The other coun-terparty must pay an amount equal to the interest which would accrue on the same notional amount, during the same period, but at a floating interest rate. If the fixed rate paid by the first counterparty exceeds the floating rate paid by the second coun-terparty, then the first counterparty must pay an amount equal to the difference between the two rates multiplied by the notional amount, for the specified interval. *1043 Conversely, if the floating rate paid by the second counterparty exceeds the fixed rate paid by the first counterparty, the fixed-rate payor receives payment. The agreed hypothetical or “notional” amount provides the basis for calculating payment obligations, but does not change hands.

For example, suppose Counterparties A and B enter into a five-year interest rate swap with the following characteristics: (1) Counterparty A agrees to pay a floating interest rate equal to LIBOR, the London Interbank Offered Rate; 2 (2) Counterparty B agrees to pay a 10% fixed interest rate; (3) both counterparties base their payments on a $1 million notional amount and agree to make payments semiannually. If LIBOR is 9% upon commencement of the first payment period, Counterparty B must pay A: (10%-9%) * $1 million * (.5) = $5,000. These net payments vary as LIBOR fluctuates and continue every six months for the term of the swap. If interest rates rise, the position of Counterparty B, the fixed-rate payor, improves because the payments it receives increase. For example, if LIBOR rises to 11% at the beginning of the next payment period, Counterparty B receives a net payment of $5,000 from A. Conversely, the position of Counterparty A, the floating-rate payor, improves when interest rates fall. The party whose position retains positive value under the swap is considered “in the money” while a party with negative value is considered “out of the money.” As discussed previously, the $1 million notional amount never changes hands.

Almost all interest rate swaps are documented with (1) a confirmation and (2) master agreement. Typically, master agreements are standard form agreements prepared by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”). The master agreement governs all interest swap transactions between the counterparties. It includes provisions generally applicable to all swap transactions including: payment netting, events of default, cross-default provisions, early termination events and closeout netting.

Most master agreements provide that, in the event of an early termination or default, the party in the money is entitled to collect “termination damages.” Termination damages represent the replacement cost of the terminated swap contract and are generally determined by obtaining market quotations for the cost of replacing the swap at the time of termination. Some master agreements, such as those at issue here, do not permit the defaulting party to collect termination damages.

Interest rate swap agreements provide a powerful tool for altering the character of assets and liabilities, fíne tuning risk exposure, lowering the cost of financing or speculating on interest rate fluctuations. Borrowers can rely on interest rate swaps to reduce exposure to adverse changes in interest rates or to obtain financing characteristics unavailable through conventional lending. Interest rate swaps can modify a borrower’s all-in funding costs from fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed or a combination of both.

Interest rate swaps have become an important part of international and domestic commerce, and the market for these instruments has experienced explosive growth. The ISDA has estimated that the collective notional amount on interest rate swaps reached $2.3 trillion in 1990, $12.8 trillion in 1995 and $22.3 trillion in 1997. 3

*1044 II. FaCtual And Procedural Background

1. Factual Overview

In August 1989, Golden West Refining Company (“GWR”), a Thrifty subsidiary, solicited proposals for a $75 million term loan from BofA and other potential lenders. GWR sought the loan to refinance a $52.1 million secured note that bore interest at an 11% fixed rate, and to finance capital improvements. GWR’s financing goals included obtaining a commitment for up to $75 million in medium-term debt, with a fixed interest rate below 11% on the initial $50 million borrowing. On September 29, 1989, BofA submitted a written proposal to GWR. Working from the BofA proposal as a baseline, GWR and BofA negotiated a term sheet and exchanged several drafts between October 1989 and January 1990.

On January 12, 1990 GWR accepted a final term sheet for the loan. The term sheet provided a floating-rate term loan and required GWR to enter into one or more interest rate swaps to hedge the term loan’s interest rate fluctuations. BofA permitted GWR to obtain the swaps up to six months after the term loan closed, from any suitable swap dealer. The term sheet further stated that BofA would syndicate the loan and act as agent. Syndication refers to a process whereby several lenders make a loan and one lender, the agent, maintains responsibility for loan administration. BofA agreed to fully fund the term loan pending syndication.

On July 30, 1990, BofA and GWR entered into a term loan agreement that incorporated these provisions. The agreement required GWR to draw down at least $43 million under the term loan and enter into at least $43 million in interest rate swaps. The agreement provided that the loan and swaps would be cross-collateral-ized and cross-defaulted. On the same day, Thrifty executed an unsecured guaranty in which it guaranteed GWR’s obligations arising out of the term loan and swap agreements. The next day, BofA funded an initial $45 million borrowing.

Between June 20, 1990, and August 1, 1990, GWR executed three separate interest rate swaps with BofA aggregating $45 million. The effective dates for the three swap agreements ranged between August 1 and August 3,1990, substantially coinciding with the closing of the term loan. 4 All three swaps followed an amortization schedule that closely followed the payment schedule of the term loan, 5 and all three swaps had termination dates of December 31, 1997 — the maturity date for the term loan. Thus, within three days after the term loan closed, the parties had matched the loan with swaps in the same notional amount, for the same term, and following approximately the same amortization schedule. 6

BofA sent GWR a confirmation for each interest rate swap that provided that BofA and GWR would sign a standard form agreement recommended by the ISDA. *1045 BofA and GWR signed a standard ISDA Master Agreement in January 1992. The agreement provided that the bankruptcy of either party would terminate the swaps and entitle the non-bankrupt party to recover termination damages, if any.

Through the combination of the term loan and the three swaps, GWR synthetically obtained $45 million in medium-term, fixed-rate financing. Under the term loan, GWR paid interest on $45 million computed at a floating rate plus 1%. Under the swaps, GWR (1) paid BofA a fixed rate on a notional amount of $45 million, and (2) received from BofA a floating interest rate on the same notional amount. The floating rate GWR paid on the $45 million term loan was effectively “canceled out” by the floating rate GWR received under the swaps. Thus, regardless of whether interest rates rose or fell, the combination of the swaps and term loan ensured that GWR paid a fixed rate of approximately 9.83%. 7

2. Procedural History

On July 31, 1992, Thrifty and its subsidiaries, including GWR, commenced voluntary cases under' Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. GWR’s bankruptcy constituted an early termination event under the three interest rate swaps. Because interest rates generally declined between June 1990 and July 1992, the swaps entitled BofA to collect termination damages. BofA filed a claim in Thrifty’s Chapter 11 case, seeking to collect $5,428,500 in termination damages due under the three swaps (“Swap Claim”). Thrifty, as guarantor of GWR’s obligations under the swaps, objected to BofA’s Swap Claim. Thrifty primarily argued that the Swap Claim constituted unmatured interest disallowed under Section 502(b)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.

In February 1995 the Bankruptcy Court confirmed a Joint Plan of Reorganization (the “Plan”) for Thrifty and its subsidiaries. Under the Plan, GWR’s obligations to BofA under the term loan, other than those related to the disputed Swap Claim, were paid in full. A settlement agreement between BofA, GWR, Thrifty and others fixed the amount of BofA’s Swap Claim against Thrifty, if allowed, at $5,428,500. The agreement preserved Thrifty’s rights to object to allowance of the Swap Claim.

After discovery and on summary judgment, the Bankruptcy Court rejected Thrifty’s objections and allowed the Swap Claim. See In re Thrifty Oil Co., 212 B.R. 147, 154 (Bankr.S.D.Cal.1997). Thrifty filed a timely notice of appeal, vesting this Court with appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a).

III. Standard Of Review

Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure mandates entry of summary judgment where the moving party demonstrates the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Fed. R. Bank P. 7056; 8 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, *1046 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). A fact is “material” when, under the governing substantive law, it could affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A “genuine issue” of material fact arises if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. Where, as here, the case turns on a mixed question of fact and law and the only disputes relate to the legal significance of undisputed facts, the controversy collapses into a question of law suitable to disposition on summary judgment. Union Sch. Dist. v. Smith, 15 F.3d 1519, 1523 (9th Cir.1994); Graham v. City of Chicago, 828 F.Supp. 576, 583 (N.D.Ill.1993).

The district court reviews a bankruptcy court order granting summary judgment de novo. Parker v. Community First Bank (In re Bakersfield Westar Ambulance, Inc.), 123 F.3d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir.1997); Cor man v. Morgan (In re Morgan), 197 B.R. 892, 895 (N.D.Cal.1996). The district court may affirm on any ground supported by the record, even if it differs from the ground relied upon by the bankruptcy court. Newbery Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 95 F.3d 1392, 1398 (9th Cir.1996); In re DeMasi, 227 B.R. 586, 587 (D.R.I.1998).

IV. Discussion

Thrifty raises two arguments on appeal. First, Thrifty contends the Bankruptcy Court erred by concluding that BofA’s Swap Claim did not constitute unmatured interest under Section 502(b)(2). Second, Thrifty argues the Bankruptcy Court erred by concluding the three interest rate swaps did not violate California’s Bucket Shop Law. The Court will address each argument in turn.

A. Section 502(B)(2), Unmatured Interest And Interest Rate Swaps

As its primary argument on appeal, Thrifty claims the Bankruptcy Court erroneously concluded that BofA’s Swap Claim did not constitute “unmatured interest” disallowed by Section 502(b)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code. Thrifty contends the three interest rate swaps provided by BofA converted GWR’s floating rate term loan into the economic equivalent of a fixed-rate loan, thereby transforming the swap payments and termination damages into interest.

Section 502(b)(2) provides that, upon objection, the court shall allow a claim except to the extent “such claim is for unmatured interest.” 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(2). Interest is money “paid to compensate for the delay and risk involved in the ultimate repayment of monies loaned.” Texas Commerce Bank, N.A. v. Licht (In re Pengo Indus., Inc.), 962 F.2d 543, 546 (5th Cir.1992) (“Pengo ”). Interest is “unmatured” when it was not yet due and payable at the time the debtor filed its bankruptcy petition. Joyce v. Fidelity Consumer Discount Co. (In re Joyce), 41 B.R. 249, 254 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1984). 9 Federal law, not state law, governs a creditor’s entitlement to post-petition interest on a valid pre-petition claim. Vanston Bondholders Protective Comm. v. Green, 329 U.S. 156, 163, 67 S.Ct. 237, 240, 91 L.Ed. 162 (1946) (“Vanston”).

The rule curtailing the accrual of post-petition interest originated in the English bankruptcy system over two centuries ago. *1047 See generally Sexton v. Dreyfus, 219 U.S. 339, 344, 31 S.Ct. 256, 257, 55 L.Ed. 244 (1911) (discussing history of the rule). Today, the Bankruptcy Code maintains the rule to achieve fairness and administrative efficiency in bankruptcy cases. The most significant reasons for the rule include: (1) because a bankruptcy suspends a debtor’s ability to pay its debts, requiring payment of post-petition interest penalizes the debt- or for something over which it has no control; (2) denying post-petition interest saves the bankruptcy estate the inconvenience of continuously recalculating the amount due each creditor; and most importantly, (3) denying post-petition interest ensures that no party realizes a gain or suffers a loss due to the delays inherent in liquidation and distribution of the estate. Vanston, 329 U.S. at 162-63, 67 S.Ct. at 240-41; Matter of Fesco Plastics Corp., Inc., 996 F.2d 152, 155 (7th Cir.1993).

Thrifty and BofA sharply disagree on the appropriate legal standard for determining whether the Swap Claim constitutes unmatured interest under Section 502(b)(2). Indeed, considering the statute’s terse language, its sparse legislative history and the infinite variety of transactions that may trigger an unmatured interest objection, it is not surprising that federal courts have not articulated a precise set of rules for applying Section 502(b)(2). A few common principles, however, have emerged from the decisions that have applied the statute. In deciding whether a claim includes unmatured interest, federal courts generally focus on the substance of the claim, not its form, and may rely on evidence outside the parties’ agreement. See, e.g., Pengo, 962 F.2d at 546; In re Hidden Lake Ltd. Partnership, 247 B.R. 722, 730 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 2000); Brown v. Sayyah (In re ICH Corp.), 230 B.R. 88, 93-94 (N.D.Tex.1999). Where the specific characteristics of a transaction create uncertainty as to whether a claim includes unmatured interest, federal courts do not base their decisions on economic theories of interest. Instead, they evaluate the transaction in light of the principles that underlie Section 502(b)(2) and the policies that flow throughout the Bankruptcy Code. Cf. Vanston, 329 U.S. at 165, 67 S.Ct. at 241 (“It is manifest that the touchstone of each decision on allowance of interest in bankruptcy ... has been a balance of equities between creditor and creditor or between creditors and the debtor”). For example, cases applying Section 502(b)(2) often turn on whether allowance or disallowance will contravene bankruptcy policy, unfairly prejudice other creditors or provide a windfall to the debtor. LTV Corp. v. Valley Fidelity Bank & Trust Co. (In re Chateaugay Corp.), 961 F.2d 378, 382-83 (2d Cir.1992) (unmatured interest not found where disallowance would undermine bankruptcy policy of encouraging consensual out-of-court workouts); Pengo, 962 F.2d at 549 (same); Hanna v. United States (In re Hanna), 872 F.2d 829, 830-32 (8th Cir.1989) (refusing to classify post-petition penalties on nondischargeable tax debts as unmatured interest because disallowance would not further the policies that underpin Section 502(b)(2)); Mt. Rushmore Hotel Corp. v. Commerce Bank (In re Mt. Rushmore Hotel Corp.), 146 B.R. 33, 36 (Bankr.D.Kan.1992) (refusing to disallow difference between the face amount of bonds and price paid by third-party transferees because disallowance would impede creditor’s ability to sell bonds and provide windfall to bankruptcy debtor); 10 In re Skyler Ridge, 80 B.R. 500, 508 (Bankr.C.D.Cal.1987) (re *1048 fusing to disallow as unmatured interest claim for liquidated damages under mortgage contract in part because disallowance would further no bankruptcy policy); cf. Bruning v. United States, 376 U.S. 358, 363, 84 S.Ct. 906, 909, 11 L.Ed.2d 772 (1964) (holding that post-petition interest on nondischargeable tax debt remained a personal liability of the debtor after bankruptcy, finding “the reasons — and thus the rule — inapplicable”).

1. Section 502(B)(2): Analysis

Thrifty and BofA agree that periodic payments and termination damages do not involve interest under a “stand alone” interest rate swap, i.e., where the counterparties hold no underlying debt and enter into the swap to speculate on fluctuations in short-term interest rates. A fundamental characteristic of an interest rate swap is that the counterparties never actually loan or advance the notional amount. The swap involves an exchange of periodic payments calculated by reference to interest rates and a hypothetical notional amount. Payments made under an interest rate swap cannot possibly compensate for the delay and risk associated with borrowed money because no loan has taken place between the counterparties. The amount of net periodic payments exchanged under the swap, and the counter-party entitled to receive them, depend on movements in short term interest rates that have no connection with any underlying loan. The damages due upon termination of the swap merely provide the replacement cost of the lost swap payments and likewise cannot represent interest, unmatured or otherwise.

Thrifty insists, however, that the payments under the three interest rate swaps provided by BofA constitute interest because the swaps and term loan, viewed together, formed an “integrated transaction” designed to provide GWR with fixed-rate financing. Thrifty identifies several characteristics establishing the integrated nature of the loan-swap transaction, including: (1) the aggregate notional amounts of the three interest rate swaps matched the principal amount of the initial $45 million borrowing; (2) the swaps had an amortization schedule that closely followed the payment schedule under the term loan; (3) the termination date for the swaps was the same as the maturity date of the term loan; (4) the swaps and term loan were cross-collateralized and cross-defaulted; (5) the term loan explicitly required GWR to enter into interest rate swaps to hedge the term loan’s interest rate fluctuations; (6) the swaps and term loan made reference to each other; and, finally, (7) BofA provided both the term *1049 loan and the interest rate swaps. According to Thrifty, these facts demonstrate that coupling the term loan with the three swaps transformed the floating-rate term loan into the economic equivalent of a fixed-rate loan, thereby converting the periodic swap payments into interest. The termination damages due upon GWR’s default, Thrifty argues, constitute “unma-tured” interest because they compensate BofA for the swap payments it would have received after the filing of GWR’s bankruptcy petition. (Thrifty’s Op. Br. at 11-14; 28-30).

Neither Thrifty nor its expert witness provides a coherent explanation as to how these allegedly “integrating” characteristics, individually or collectively, transform swap payments or termination damages into interest. A simple example unravels much of Thrifty’s argument and demonstrates that the “integrating” characteristics of the GWR — BofA transaction have little, if any, relationship to whether swap payments constitute interest.

Imagine a situation where a borrower obtains fixed-rate financing by combining (1) a floating-rate loan provided by a bank, and (2) an interest rate swap provided by a separate swap dealer. As between the swap dealer and the borrower, the economics do not materially differ from the typical non-hedging interest rate swap described earlier. Because the swap dealer did not advance money to the borrower, swap payments made by the borrower cannot possibly compensate the swap dealer for the risk and delay associated with money the dealer never advanced. Depending on movements in short term interest rates, the borrower may receive net payments under the interest rate swap. The ability of net periodic payments under the swap to inure to the benefit of the borrower confirms their fundamental lack of connection with the risk and delay associated with loaned money. To the extent interest rate fluctuations require the borrower to make net payments under the swap, these payments represent the cost of obtaining a hedge against movements in interest rates and may contribute to the borrower’s overall funding costs, but cannot possibly compensate for the risk and delay of the loan.

This conclusion obtains even where the parties “integrate” the transaction by customizing the interest rate swap to mimic the characteristics of the loan. For example, the borrower could match the notional amounts of the interest rate swap with the principal borrowed under the loan, synchronize the two instruments’ amortization and payment schedules, coordinate their respective effective and termination dates, cross-default the two instruments and provide prepayment of the loan as a termination condition under the swap. Although these contractual enhancements enable the borrower to more closely achieve its overall financing goal, they do not change the nature of the periodic payments or the termination damages due upon default. As with a stand-alone swap, no advance of money has occurred between the swap counterparties. Floating interest rates fluctuate without regard to the borrower’s loan, determining both the amount of the net periodic payments and the counterparty entitled to receive them. The close resemblance between this arrangement and fixed-rate financing merely confirms that the borrower has successfully exploited the flexibility of a derivative interest rate swap to achieve a specific financial objective. No matter how tightly the borrower integrates the swap with its loan, the payments made under the swap cannot represent interest. 11

*1050 Of course, in this case BofA provided both the loan and the three interest rate swaps, an arrangement that creates a theoretical possibility that the periodic swap payments form part of BofA’s compensation for the risk and delay associated with the term loan. The question therefore becomes whether, or under what circumstances, BofA’s dual role as lender and swap dealer converts GWR’s periodic swap payments from derivative cash flows into interest on the term loan. As discussed above, the resolution of this issue does not turn on economic theories of interest, but on equitable principles and bankruptcy policy. 12 For the reasons expressed below, the Court cannot identify any bankruptcy policy that justifies treating BofA’s claim for swap termination damages distinctly from a claim filed by a non-lending swap dealer, an almost identical situation that cannot implicate Section 502(b)(2) for the reasons stated earlier.

Several provisions in the Bankruptcy Code reflect a strong Congressional policy of protecting interest rate swaps, termination damages and the swap market from the effects of bankruptcy. In 1990, Congress amended the Bankruptcy Code to exempt interest rate swaps from provisions which could otherwise frustrate a creditor-counterparty’s ability to exercise the contractual rights conferred by an interest rate swap agreement. See Act of June 25, 1990, Pub.L. No. 101-311, 104 Stat. 267 (1990) (“Swap Amendments”). The legislative history of the Swap Amendments plainly reveals that Congress recognized the growing importance of interest rate swaps and sought to immunize the swap market from the legal risks of bankruptcy. The Judiciary Committee Report to the Senate version of the bill observed that swap agreements are “a rapidly growing and vital risk management tool in world financial markets,” frequently used by financial institutions and corporations “to minimize exposure to adverse changes in interest ... rates.” S.Rep. No. 101-285, at 3 (May 14, 1990). Representative Schumer explained that swap agreements “offer borrowers the ability to carefully manage the interest rate or currency risks they undertake, making it easier and safer for companies ... to raise the capital necessary for economic growth.” 136 Cong. Rec. H2284 (May 15, 1990). The House Judiciary Committee Report confirms that Congress enacted the Swap Amendments to *1051 ensure that the swap markets “are not destabilized by uncertainties regarding the treatment of their financial instruments under the Bankruptcy Code.” H.R.Rep. No. 101-484, at 1 (May 14, 1990), reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 223, 223; accord 136 Cong. Rec. H2281, 2283 (May 15, 1990) (remarks of Rep. Fish) (“The swap market serves essential functions today — including reducing vulnerability to fluctuations in exchange and interest rates. Explicit Bankruptcy Code references to swap agreements will remove ambiguities that undermine the swap market.”); 136 Cong. Rec. S7535 (remarks of Sen. DeConcini) (“The effect of the swap provisions will be to provide certainty for swap transactions and thereby stabilize domestic markets by allowing the terms of the swap agreement to apply notwithstanding the bankruptcy filing”). Congress addressed these concerns by bestowing preferential treatment on the creditor-counterparty who seeks to terminate a swap agreement and collect termination damages from the bankruptcy debtor. 13 Although the Swap Amendments do not directly address the relationship between interest rate swaps and unma-tured interest, they provide two policy principles applicable to the interpretation or application of any Bankruptcy Code provision, including Section 502(b)(2). At a minimum, federal courts should avoid interpreting or applying Section 502(b)(2) in a way that would either (1) needlessly discourage the innovation and flexibility that has made interest rate swaps such a valuable risk management and financial tool, or (2) inject unnecessary legal uncertainty into the swap markets.

Indeed, both parties agree that it is common for a borrower to obtain an interest rate swap from its lender. In many instances, the lender has already performed an analysis of the borrower’s creditworthiness and gained a detailed understanding of its financial affairs. This acquired familiarity places the lender in a superior position to customize the terms of a derivative transaction to fulfill the borrower’s financial objectives. The borrower may wish to enhance the business relationship with its lender and avoid the expense and delay of dealing with an unfamiliar finan