Montague v. National Labor Relations Board

                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0937n.06

                                           No. 11-1256                                    FILED

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Aug 23, 2012
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                           LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


JOSEPH MONTAGUE and KENNETH GRAY,                        )
                                                         )
       Petitioners,                                      )
                                                         )        ON A PETITION FOR REVIEW
               v.                                        )        FROM THE NATIONAL
                                                         )        LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,                          )
                                                         )
       Respondent,                                       )
                                                         )
INTERNATIONAL UNION, UNITED                              )
AUTOMOBILE, AEROSPACE AND                                )
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF                        )
AMERICA and DANA COMPANIES, LLC                          )
                                                         )
       Intervenors.                                      )
                                                         )


BEFORE: GIBBONS, ROGERS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

       ROGERS, Circuit Judge. This case raises the question of whether—before employees

officially recognize a union—a union and an employer may enter into a letter of agreement setting

forth general terms, including provisions related to health care benefits and future collective-

bargaining agreements, that are subject to further negotiation but may become binding if arbitration

is necessary. Because the National Labor Relations Board, which sets labor policy, reasonably

determined that the agreement did not impermissibly restrict employee choice, we uphold the

Board’s dismissal of the petitioners’ complaint.
No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

          Dana Companies, the employer in this case, is an automotive parts manufacturer with about

90 facilities throughout the United States, Canada, and 30 other countries. Dana entered into

discussions with the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement

Workers of America, AFL-CIO (UAW) about potentially representing approximately 305 employees

at Dana’s St. Johns, Michigan facility. Dana and the UAW had had a long-standing bargaining

relationship before discussions about the St. Johns facility began, and the UAW already represented

2,200 to 2,300 Dana employees at various locations. Dana Corporation, 356 NLRB 49, at *1

(2010).

          On August 6, 2003, Dana and the UAW entered into the Letter of Agreement (LOA) that is

at the heart of this appeal, which included various provisions intended to manage the relationship

between the parties should the majority of St. Johns employees select the UAW as their exclusive

collective-bargaining representative.

          The LOA included a statement of purpose recognizing that the challenges of the automotive

industry would “be more effectively met through a partnership [with the union] that is more positive,

non-adversarial and with constructive attitudes.” The statement of purpose also reiterated that an

“[e]mployee’s freedom to choose is a paramount concern of Dana as well as the UAW,” and both

parties agreed to “not allow anyone to be intimidated or coerced into a decision [when selecting their

exclusive bargaining representative].” The LOA further stated that:

          The parties understand that the Company may not recognize the Union as the
          exclusive representative of employees in the absence of showing that a majority of
          the employees in an appropriate bargaining unit have expressed their desire to be
          represented by the Union.

LOA, Article 3.1.

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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

        In the LOA Dana undertook to be neutral in the event of an organizing campaign, and to: (1)

allow the employees to meet on company property, Article 2.1.3.5; (2) refrain from discussing any

“potential negative effects or results of representation by the Union on the Company,” Article

2.1.2.7; (3) provide the Union “with access to employees during the workday in non-workday areas,”

Article 2.1.3.5; and (4) provide the UAW with personal information about the employees targeted

for unionization, Article 2.1.3.1. The LOA also provided for a card check process by a neutral third

party as the procedure for recognizing when the union received the support of the majority of the

employees, Article 3. In addition, the parties consented to a no strike/no lockout commitment,

Article 6, at least until the first formal collective-bargaining agreement was finalized.

        Most centrally to the issues in this case, the LOA also described certain principles that were

to be included in future bargaining agreements between the parties. With regard to healthcare,

Article 4 contained a commitment by the union that bargaining would not erode “current solutions

and concepts already in place or scheduled to be implemented January 1, 2004,” including “premium

sharing, deductibles, and out of pocket maximums.” The LOA also contained the parties’ agreement

“that in labor agreements bargained pursuant to this Letter, the following conditions must be

included for the facility to have a reasonable opportunity to succeed and grow”:

•       Healthcare costs that reflect the competitive reality of the supplier industry and
        product(s) involved
•       Minimum classifications
•       Team-based approaches
•       The importance of attendance to productivity and quality
•       Dana’s idea program (two ideas per person per month and 80% implementation)
•       Continuous improvement
•       Flexible Compensation
•       Mandatory overtime when necessary (after qualified volunteers) to support the
        customer

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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

Article 4.2.4. Dana and the union agreed that if they did not reach an agreement on any of the terms

for the first formal contract, including those discussed in Article 4.2.4, within six months, they would

submit the unresolved issues to arbitration with a neutral arbitrator according to Article 4.2.5 - 4.2.6.

For any potential violations of the LOA itself, Article 5 established a dispute resolution procedure

where a neutral arbitrator was empowered to issue “final and binding” decisions.

        On August 13, 2003, Dana issued a press release that it had reached a “partnership

agreement” with the UAW. According to the Board’s decision, there is nothing in the record

regarding to what extent the press release and the LOA were made available to Dana’s employees.

Dana Corporation, 356 NLRB 49, at *2.

        In December 2003, the UAW requested a list of employees working at the St. Johns facility,

pursuant to Article 2.1.3.1. This prompted petitioners, Joseph Montague and Kenneth Gray, to file

unfair labor charges. On September 30, 2004, the General Counsel of the NLRB issued a complaint

alleging that by entering into the LOA Dana had rendered unlawful assistance to the UAW in

violation of § 8(a)(2) and (1) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), and that the UAW had

restrained and coerced employees regarding their choice of exclusive bargaining representative in

violation of § 8(b)(1)(A). At no time prior to or during the litigation of this case did the employees

select the UAW as their exclusive bargaining representative.

        The Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) who heard the case dismissed the complaint, first on

procedural grounds not at issue on this appeal, and in the alternative on the merits. The ALJ

determined that Dana had not granted recognition to a minority union, which would have been an

unfair labor practice under the holding of International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union v. NLRB,


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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

366 U.S. 731 (1961) (“Bernhard-Altmann”). Nor did the LOA violate the corollary principle of

Majestic Weaving Co., 147 NLRB 859 (1964), enf. denied 355 F.2d 854 (2d Cir. 1966), that an

employer could not negotiate a tentative contract with a union that had not yet achieved majority

status, where the contract is conditioned on the union’s gaining majority support. The ALJ reasoned

that the LOA was “a far cry from a collective-bargaining agreement.” Dana Corporation, 356

NLRB 49, at *3. The ALJ also alternatively relied upon the fact that Dana already had collective-

bargaining agreements with the UAW at other plants, and those agreements could have required

Dana to recognize the union as the bargaining representative of additional, future facilities, and apply

the collective-bargaining agreement to those employees, once the unions achieved majority status,

under the Board’s precedent in Houston Division of the Kroger Co., 219 NLRB 388 (1975).

        According to Article 7.1 of the LOA, the Agreement expired on June 8, 2007. On December

30, 2007, after the ALJ’s decision was announced but before the Board’s opinion was made public,

Dana sold its St. Johns, Michigan facility to MAHLE Engine Components USA, Inc.

        After the sale, the Board issued a 2-1 opinion upholding the ALJ’s dismissal of the complaint

on the merits. The Board began by identifying the primary legislative purpose of the operative

statutory language. An employer is prohibited by section 8(a)(2) of the NLRA from “dominat[ing]

or interfer[ing] with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribut[ing]

financial or other support to it,” and the purpose of this language “was to eradicate company

unionism, a practice whereby employers would establish and control in-house labor organizations

in order to prevent organization by autonomous unions.” Dana Corporation, 356 NLRB 49, at *5

(quoting 1 Higgins, Developing Labor Law 418-419 (5th ed. 2006)).


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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

        Section 8(a)(2) is grounded in the notion that foisting a union on unconsenting
        employees and thus impeding employees from pursuing representation by outside
        unions are incompatible with “genuine collective bargaining.” It is in this context
        that the statutory prohibition on “financial or other support” to unions must be
        understood.

Id. at *6. The amount of employer cooperation that crosses the line and becomes unlawful support,

according to the Board, “is not susceptible to precise measurement.” Id. (citation and quotation

marks omitted). The Board then detailed its long recognition of the legality of various types of

agreements and understandings between employers and unrecognized unions.

        The Board acknowledged that employer recognition of a minority union as the exclusive

bargaining representative crosses the line, as the Supreme Court held in Bernhard-Altmann, even if

the employer in good faith believed that the union had majority support. The Board also

acknowledged its extension of this principle in Majestic Weaving to bar negotiation of a collective-

bargaining agreement conditioned on the later attainment of majority status by a union. The Board

did not read its own Majestic Weaving precedent, however, to create a rule that any negotiation with

a union over substantive terms of employment is per se unlawful.

        The Board distinguished Majestic Weaving on several grounds. Majestic Weaving involved

an initial, oral grant of exclusive recognition, followed by the negotiation of a complete collective-

bargaining agreement, consummated but for a ministerial act, whereas the LOA in this case “did no

more than create a framework for future collective bargaining, if . .. the UAW were first able to

provide proof of majority status.” Id. at *8. Instead of an exclusive-representation provision which

was banned in Bernhard-Altmann, the LOA expressly prohibited Dana from recognizing the union

without a showing of majority support. The Board reasoned:


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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

        That the LOA set forth certain principles that would inform future bargaining on
        particular topics—bargaining contingent on a showing of majority support, as
        verified by a neutral third party—is not enough to constitute exclusive recognition.
        The UAW did not purport to speak for a majority of Dana's employees, nor was it
        treated as if it did. On the contrary, the LOA unmistakably disclaimed exclusive
        recognition by setting forth the process by which such status could be achieved.
        Nothing in the LOA affected employees' existing terms and conditions of
        employment or obligated Dana to alter them. Any potential effect on employees
        would have required substantial negotiations, following recognition pursuant to the
        terms of the Agreement. Nothing in the Agreement, its context, or the parties'
        conduct would reasonably have led employees to believe that recognition of the
        UAW was a foregone conclusion or, by the same token, that rejection of UAW
        representation by employees was futile.

Id. at *9.

        The Board found support for its conclusion in the policy underlying the NLRA. “The

ultimate object of the National Labor Relations Act, as the Supreme Court has repeatedly stated, is

‘industrial peace.’” Id. at *10 (citing Auciello Iron Works, Inc. v. NLRB, 517 U.S. 781, 785 (1996)).

The Board expressed its reluctance to put “new obstacles” in the way of voluntary recognition of a

union (e.g., recognition of a union’s majority status by authorization cards rather than by election),

and further noted that “[i]n practice, an employer’s willingness to voluntarily recognize a union may

turn on the employer’s ability to predict the consequences of doing so.” Id. The Board reasoned

that, “[c]ategorically prohibiting prerecognition negotiations over substantive issues would

needlessly preclude unions and employers from confronting workplace challenges in a strategic

manner that serves the employer’s needs, creates a more hospitable environment for collective

bargaining, and—because no recognition is granted unless and until the union has majority

support—still preserves employee free choice.” Id.




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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

        Having rejected a categorical rule, the Board proceeded to determine that the LOA in this

case was well within the boundaries of the NLRA:

        The LOA was reached at arm’s length, in a context free of unfair labor practices. It
        disclaimed any recognition of the union as exclusive bargaining representative, and
        it created, on its face, a lawful mechanism for determining if and when the union had
        achieved majority support. The LOA had no immediate effect on employees’ terms
        and conditions of employment, and even its potential future effect was both limited
        and contingent on substantial future negotiations. As its statement of purpose makes
        clear, the LOA was an attempt to directly address certain challenges of the
        contemporary workplace. Considering the LOA as a whole, we find nothing that
        presents UAW representation as a fait accompli or that otherwise constitutes
        unlawful support of the UAW. Indeed, according to the General Counsel, employees
        here had no difficulty in rejecting the UAW’s representation.

Id. at *11.

        One member of the Board dissented, arguing that the LOA included “substantive contract

provisions” and that there were “no meaningful factual or legal distinctions” between the LOA at

issue in this case and Majestic Weaving Co., 147 NLRB 859 (1964). Dana Corporation, 356 NLRB

49, at *14 (Hayes, dissenting). According to the dissent, the majority “effectively overrule[d]

Majestic Weaving,” because “premature recognition is not a prerequisite for finding unlawful support

in dealings between an employer and a minority union.” Id. (emphasis in original).

        At the heart of the dissent’s argument was the concern that, in the context of the LOA,

“employees could reasonably believe they had no choice but to agree to representation by the UAW

without even knowing whether they approved or disapproved of the contract terms that union had

negotiated for them.” Id. at *17. The dissent rejected the majority’s description of the LOA as

merely a “framework” for future bargaining, finding instead that the LOA, specifically Article 4.2.4,

included “substantive terms and conditions of employment” that “had to be included in any


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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

prospective future collective-bargaining agreement[s] covering these employees.” Id. at *16

(emphasis in original). According to the dissent, the LOA “significantly limited the parameters” for

negotiations on a number of other issues as well, including: future contract terms (4-5 years);

healthcare cost initiatives; eight bargaining subjects; interest arbitration after six months of

negotiation; and a waiver of strike rights prior to the final contract. Id. The dissent also dismissed

the policy rationale put forth by the majority, arguing that even if employers and unions benefitted

from negotiations, “the legality of negotiating such terms must turn on the statutory rights of

employees, not on the commercial interests of unions and employers.” Id. at *17.

        The majority addressed the dissent’s concerns in its opinion, noting that the Board’s

precedent does not “compel the categorical conclusion that an employer violates Section 8(a)(2)

whenever it ‘negotiates terms and conditions of employment with a union before a majority of unit

employees . . . has designated the union as their bargaining representative.’” Id. at *12. Among

other things, the majority countered the dissent’s contention that the employees “could reasonably

believe they had no choice but to agree to union representation,” by pointing out that a majority of

the employees rejected the UAW, and the UAW was never selected as the employees’ exclusive

bargaining representative. Id. (alterations omitted). In fact, according to the majority, agreements

like the LOA “promote an informed choice by employees” because the employees “presumably will

reject the union if they conclude or suspect that it has agreed to a bad deal or that it is otherwise

compromised by the agreement from representing them effectively.” Id.

        Petitioners filed a timely petition for review of the Board’s decision to dismiss the complaint,

and Dana Companies, LLC and the UAW intervened. Although Intervenor Dana Companies argues


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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

that this case is moot because the St. Johns facility is no longer covered by the agreement or even

owned by Dana, both the petitioners and the Board agree that the case is not moot because of the

requirement that would be imposed by the Board, should the Board lose this appeal, to post notices

recognizing their obligation not to enter into agreements such as the one at issue. We accept the

Board’s contention that there continues to be an Article III case or controversy on this basis. See

NLRB v. Hiney Printing Co., 733 F.2d 1170, 1171 (6th Cir. 1984); NLRB v. Great Western Coca-

Cola Bottling Co., 740 F.2d 398, 406 (5th Cir. 1984). Dana also argues that we should deny the

petition because the petitioners are not “person[s] aggrieved” such that they may petition for review

under Section 10(f) of the NLRA. Because there is an Article III case or controversy, and because

we deny the petition for review on the merits as explained below, we need not reach intervenor’s

alternative statutory argument for denying the petition. Coan v. Kaufman, 457 F.3d 250, 256 (2d Cir.

2006) (citing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env., 523 U.S. 83, 97 (1998)) (“Unlike Article III

standing, which ordinarily should be determined before reaching the merits, statutory standing may

be assumed for the purposes of deciding whether the plaintiff otherwise has a viable cause of

action.”).

        The thoughtful majority and dissenting opinions of the Board members in this case show that

reasonable minds could differ as to how the NLRA should be interpreted to further the underlying

purposes of the NLRA in the context of employer negotiations with unions that do not have majority

status. We must deny the petition for review, not because we find one position more persuasive than

the other, but because Congress has given the Board the power to make industrial policy as long as

it is doing so within the confines of the statutory language. While “[w]e review the Board’s


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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

conclusions of law unrelated to the National Labor Relations Act de novo . . . otherwise [we] show

deference to the Board's reasonable interpretation of the Act.” Lee v. NLRB, 325 F.3d 749, 754 (6th

Cir. 2003). The Board “need not show that its construction is the best way to read the statute; rather,

courts must respect the Board's judgment so long as its reading is a reasonable one.” Holly Farms

Corp. v. Nat'l Labor Relations Bd., 517 U.S. 392, 409 (1996) (emphasis in the original). Indeed, the

balancing of “conflicting legitimate interests” in pursuit of “the national policy of promoting labor

peace through strengthened collective bargaining” is “precisely the kind of judgment that . . . should

be left to the Board.” Charles D. Bonanno Linen Serv. v. NLRB, 454 U.S. 404, 413 (1982).

        The Board reasonably held that the LOA did not include the type of an explicit recognition

of a union that the Supreme Court determined to be unlawful in Bernhard-Altmann. In that case, the

employer and the union signed a “memorandum of understanding” that “recognized the union as

exclusive bargaining representative of all production and shipping employees.” Bernhard-Altmann,

366 U.S. at 734 (quotations omitted). Even though the union in Bernhard-Altmann had achieved

majority status by the time a formal collective-bargaining agreement was reached, the Supreme Court

held that the memorandum of understanding was still an unlawful form of pre-recognition bargaining

because it granted the union “a deceptive cloak of authority with which to persuasively elicit

additional employee support.” Id. at 736.

        In contrast, the pre-recognition agreement at issue in this case contains an explicit notice that

Dana would not recognize the Union prior to the union’s receiving a majority vote of the employees.

Article 3.1 stated:

        The parties understand that the Company may not recognize the Union as the
        exclusive representative of employees in the absence of showing that a majority of

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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

        the employees in an appropriate bargaining unit have expressed their desire to be
        represented by the Union.

In addition, the “Purpose” section of the LOA, which both parties agreed to communicate to the

employees, Article 2.1.3.5, emphasized the fact that “[e]mployee’s freedom to choose is a paramount

concern of Dana as well as the UAW.” In light of the differences between the memorandum of

understanding in Bernhard-Altmann and the LOA at issue in this case, it was reasonable for the

Board to hold that this agreement did not unlawfully recognize the union as the exclusive bargaining

representative of Dana’s employees.

        The LOA was also not a form of “oral recognition” that the NLRB determined to be an

unlawful form of pre-recognition bargaining in Majestic Weaving Co., 147 N.L.R.B. 859 (1964) enf.

denied 355 F.2d 854 (2d Cir. 1966). In that case, the Board held that even though the employer

“conditioned the actual signing of a contract with Local 815 on the latter achieving a majority [of

employees’ support],” the fact that contract negotiations followed “an oral recognition agreement”

constituted premature recognition of the union as the exclusive bargaining representative. Majestic

Weaving, 147 N.L.R.B. at 860-61 (emphasis in the original). Not only did no such oral agreement

occur in this case, but both parties explicitly agreed not to recognize the union until the union

received the requisite show of support from the majority of Dana’s employees.

        The Board also reasonably found that the LOA was not a full collective-bargaining agreement

and required substantial negotiations, post-recognition, before it could become the employees’ terms

and conditions of employment. In Bernhard-Altmann, the Supreme Court held that an agreement

that included “certain improved wages and conditions of employment,” and that was simply waiting

for execution of a “formal agreement containing these terms” was unlawful. Bernhard-Altmann, 366

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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

U.S. at 734. While petitioners state that the LOA included “pre-negotiated concessions” and

“contractual” obligations, Petitioners Br. at 8, 17, the Board determined that the LOA “did no more

than create a framework for future collective bargaining,” Dana Corporation, 356 NLRB 49, at *8,

and was shy of the full agreements that required little more than formal execution and were held to

be unlawful in Bernhard-Altmann. While some of the provisions in the LOA may have become

binding if arbitration was necessary, the Board’s interpretation of the NLRA and how the LOA

relates to the statute is nonetheless still “a reasonable one.” Holly Farms Corp., 517 U.S. at 409.

        Petitioners argue that Article 4 contains the bulk of the problematic “contractual” obligations.

Petitioners Br. at 8, 17. For instance, petitioners claim that Article 4.2.1 “compel[s] the UAW”

because it specifies certain “premium sharing, deductibles, and out of pocket maximums” for

healthcare costs to be maintained. Petitioners also argue that Article 4.2.4 includes examples of

substantive terms that “contractually b[ind]” the employees of Dana. Petitioners Br. at 18. These

general terms included:

•       Healthcare costs that reflect the competitive reality of the supplier industry and
        product(s) involved
•       Minimum classifications
•       Team-based approaches
•       The importance of attendance to productivity and quality
•       Dana’s idea program (two ideas per person per month and 80% implementation)
•       Continuous improvement
•       Flexible Compensation
•       Mandatory overtime when necessary (after qualified volunteers) to support the
        customer

        At the heart of the dispute between the parties is the extent to which the terms in Article 4

are “substantive” because they are “binding.” On their face, the terms in Article 4.2.4 are not

specific, and would require further negotiations to reach any level of detail. However, Article 4.2.5

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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

requires arbitration if both parties do not reach the first formal agreement within six months, and that

agreement—according to the LOA—must include the provisions discussed in Article 4.2.4. In this

way, terms regarding “mandatory overtime” or “compensation,” for instance, could become binding.

As the entity entrusted with maintaining “industrial peace,” however, the Board was within its

discretion to allow some substantive terms to be determined between the employer and union prior

to recognition, as long as that agreement did not ultimately impact employees’ choice regarding

union representation. With the LOA in this case, employees may decide if they agree with the

general principles that the agreement sets forth as well as if they are willing to risk being bound to

any concessions that the union may make during negotiations of the first formal contract. If the

employees are not willing to take that risk, then they do not have to select the union as their

exclusive bargaining representative. In this instance, the employees at Dana did not select the UAW.

        Petitioners also point to other LOA provisions as evidence of the substantive and binding

nature of the LOA. These provisions fit even more comfortably within the Board’s reasoning that

some agreements short of a complete collective-bargaining agreement are acceptable. For instance,

Article 4.2.2 states that any future agreements between the union and the company will be of a

“minimum duration of . . . four years.” While contract duration is obviously important, the Board

could conclude that it is part of the framework for negotiation that may be appropriately agreed upon

before the employees choose whether to accept the union. Again, if employees felt hindered by this

provision, they could reject any union that would make this concession on their behalf—and they

ultimately did by not selecting UAW as their exclusive bargaining representative.




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        Petitioners also cite Article 6, the “No Strike/No Lockout” provision, as an infringement

upon the rights of employees to select their own exclusive bargaining representative. Petitioners Br.

at 18. However, as the Board and Dana point out, this provision is only applicable until “the

resolution of the first contract at each facility.” Thus, this is an agreed-upon mechanism—one the

employees can reject by not choosing the UAW—to ensure that bargaining moves forward in an

attempt to achieve “industrial peace.” Auciello Iron Works, 517 U.S. at 785. It is not a permanent

forfeiture of the employees’ rights.

        Finally, petitioners point to provisions in the LOA that they argue “contractually b[ind]”

Dana’s employees, Petitioners Br. at 18, such as Article 5's dispute resolution mechanism. While

petitioners argue that Article 5 makes the LOA binding or enforceable, the dispute resolution

mechanism is specifically intended to address any “violation(s) of this Agreement,” which is limited

to the process the parties will undergo prior to reaching a full collective-bargaining agreement.

Thus, like the no strike/no lockout provision, this is a limited concession that employees were free

to reject.

        Though the petitioners rely heavily on the dissent’s interpretation of Supreme Court and

Board precedent, the Board majority’s response to these concerns was reasonable. Again, our task

is not to determine which NLRB members were more persuasive, but whether the majority’s

interpretation of the NLRA was reasonable.

        Petitioner attempts to limit the degree of our deference to the Board by characterizing the

issue before us as one of interpretation of the LOA. But there is no real issue presented to us as to

the meaning of the LOA. The question is whether the LOA, which pretty much says what it says,


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No. 11–1256, Montague, et. al. v. NLRB

violates the NLRA. It is the scope of the prohibitions of the NLRA—what constitutes unlawful

interference—that is at issue, and this is clear from the arguments of both the majority and dissenting

Board members. We are required to defer to the Board’s reasonable interpretation of the statute.

        For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition to review.




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