In re Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

On August 3, 2015 (the “Petition Date”), Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., and 1491 of its direct and indirect subsidiaries (the “Debtors”) commenced these bankruptcy cases by each filing a separate voluntary petition for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.2 The Debtors continue to manage their properties and operate their businesses as debtors in possession (“DIP”) pursuant to §§ 1107 and 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code. No trustee or examiner has been appointed in these chapter 11 cases. On August 5, 2015, the Court entered an order authorizing the joint administration of these chapter 11 cases.3 On August 12, 2015, the United States Trustee for the Eastern District of Virginia appointed the statutory committee of unsecured creditors (the “Committee”).4

This matter comes before the Court on the motion (the “Rejection Motion”) of the Debtors for entry of an order authorizing the Debtors to i) reject certain collective bargaining agreements with the United Mine Workers of America (the “UMWA” or “Union”) under § 1113 of the Bankruptcy Code and ii) modify certain retiree benefits under § 1114 including the elimination of the Debtors’ liabilities under the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992 (the “Coal Act”).5

The UMWA filed an objection to the Rejection Motion on the principal basis that §§ 1113 and 1114 do not apply to the Debtors as a matter of law and on alterna- ’ tive grounds that even if §§ 1113 and 1114 do apply, the Debtors have not satisfied the statutory requirements entitling them to relief (the “UMWA Objection”). Two healthcare funds created by the Coal Act (the “Coal Act Funds”) and four other UMWA pension and healthcare funds (the “UMWA Funds”) also filed objections to the Rejection Motion on a number of grounds (the “Funds Objection,” and together with the UMWA Objection, the “Objections” or “Objectors”).6 The UMWA Funds joined the UMWA Objection in its entirety. In addition, the Coal Act Funds advanced a separate Objection arguing that § 1114 did not apply to the Coal Act Funds, and that even if § 1114 did apply, the Debtors had not met the procedural and substantive requirements of § 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code. On May 9, 2016 (the “Hearing Date”), the Court conducted an evidentiary hearing to consider the Debtors’ Rejection Motion (the “Hearing”). At the conclusion of the *319Hearing, the Court announced that it would overrule the Objections and approve the Rejection Motion. The Court has entered separately an order authorizing the termination of the collective bargaining agreements and approving the modification of certain retiree benefits (the “Rejection Order”). This Memorandum Opinion sets forth the Courts’ findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting the Rejection Order in accordance with Rule 7052 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.7

Jurisdiction and Venue

The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this contested matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334 and the General Order of Reference from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia dated August 15, 1984. This is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A). Venue is appropriate in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1408.

Factual Background

The Debtors, headquartered in Bristol, Virginia, are the largest domestic producers of coal by volume in the United States. The Debtors sell both metallurgic coal and steam coal to international and domestic consumers. At their height, the Debtors operated 145 mines and employed 14,500 individuals, generating $7 billion in revenue annually.

Beginning in 2010, the coal industry began to experience serious market challenges that ultimately affected every major operator in the coal industry. Both the price of and the demand for coal began to fall. That trend has continued to this day. Between 2011 and 2015, the price of metallurgic coal fell 72%. During the same period, the price of steam coal fell 44%. Factors leading to the decline of coal prices are lengthy. The genesis of the problem is simple: too much supply and too little demand.

In response to these industry-wide macroeconomic headwinds, the Debtors strove to reduce expenses and balance cash flow. Capital and administrative expenditures were reduced by over 50%. Total external spending fell dramatically. The Debtors’ non-unionized employees and retirees were the first to fall victim to the Debtors’ struggle to stay ahead of the downward trend. From 2013 to the Petition Date, the Debtors froze wages, laid off employees and slashed benefits for their non-union employees. These measures resulted in amortized savings of $173 million. As of the Petition Date, the Debtors had laid off approximately 46% of their nonunion employees, and 32% of their union employees. By the time the Debtors filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, the Debtors had closed more than eighty mines. Total employment count had fallen from 14,500 to less than 8,000.

Following the Petition Date, the price of coal continued to fall. The Debtors worked to decrease expenditures. By February 29, 2016, the Debtors had laid off an additional 1,419 non-union employees and an additional 248 union employees.. Beginning on January 1, 2016, non-union employees suffered another round of benefit cuts that saw their health and wellness benefits reduced below pre-petition levels. The Debtors continue to struggle to outrun the precipitous decline in coal prices. During the first two months of 2016, the Debtors incurred a net book loss of $126 *320million. The Debtors’ present cash burn amounts to $10 million each week. The' Debtors have sustained over $300 million in losses since the Petition Date. While many of the Debtors’ non-union employees have suffered through these difficult times, the Debtors’ unionized workers have largely avoided this fate due to their collective bargaining agreements.

The Debtors’ Labor & Retiree Obligations

The Debtors currently employ approximately 610 active employees who are represented by the UMWA (the “Active Union Employees”). These 610 Active Union Employees are covered by a number of collective bargaining agreements. These collective bargaining agreements also provide benefits to approximately 2,600 retired union employees (the “Retired Union Employees,” together with the Active Union Employees, the “Union Employees”). The collective bargaining agreements generally provide certain protections and benefits in favor of the collective body of workers covered thereunder. The terms and conditions of each collective bargaining agreement vary, but in many instances, the collective bargaining agreements result in higher labor costs for the Debtors compared to non-union workers. For example, the collective bargaining agreements restrict the Debtors’ ability to utilize subcontractors and to modify work schedules. The Debtors’ average labor cost for an Active Union Employee is $92,442 as compared to $69,068 for a non-union employee.

The collective bargaining agreements require the Debtors to make payments to the four different UMWA Funds for the benefit of the Retired Union Employees. First, the Debtors are required to make payments to the UMWA 1974 Pension Plan (the “1974 Pension Plan”). The 1974 Pension Plan is a multiemployer pension plan that was initially established by the National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement (“NBCWA”) of 1974. It provides pension benefits to 89,000 beneficiaries and their surviving spouses. The Debtors project the 2016 annual cost for their contributions to the 1974 Pension Plan to be approximately $9.6 million. Second, the Debtors are required to make payments to the UMWA 1993 Pension Plan (the “1993 Pension Plan”). The 1993 Pension Plan is a multiemployer welfare benefit plan that provides benefits to certain retirees whose previous employer is no longer operating and who are not otherwise covered by the Coal Act. The Debtors project the 2016 annual cost for their contributions to the 1993 Pension Plan to be approximately $1.5 million. Third, the Debtors are required to make payments to the UMWA 2012 Retiree Account Plan (the “2012 Account Plan”). The 2012 Account Plan is a multiemployer plan that provides yearly one-time lump sum payments to eligible retirees. The Debtors expect to pay approximately $2.3 million to the 2012 Account Plan in 2016, Finally, the Debtors are required to make payments to the UMWA Cash Deferred Savings Plan of 1988 (the “1988 Plan”). The 1988 Plan requires the Debtors to contribute sums to a 401(k) plan based on hours worked for eligible employees. The Debtors expect to contribute approximately $36,000 to the 1988 Plan in 2016.

In addition to these four UMWA Funds, the Debtors are required to contribute to the two Coal Act Funds and adhere to other provision of the Coal Act.8 The Coal *321Act requires the Debtors to maintain and fund their individual employer plans (“IEP”) that were in effect pursuant to wage agreements to which they previously agreed.9 See 26 U.S.C. § 9711. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 9711, the Debtors continue to provide IEPs for the benefit of 1,070 retired coal miners at an expected cost of $7.1 million in 2016. The two healthcare funds established by the federal Coal Act are the Combined Benefit Fund (the “Combined Fund”)10, and the UMWA 1992 Plan (the “1992 Plan”). The Debtors expect to pay a premium in the approximate amount of $334,000 to the Combined Fund in 2016. The 1992 Plan provides benefits to eligible retirees who were not covered by the Combined Fund at the time of the enactment of the Coal Act and also provides benefits to “orphan” retirees whose previous employers could no longer provide them with an IEP. See 26 U.S.C. § 9712(b). In 2016, the Debtors expect to pay approximately $1.2 million to the 1992 Plan.

The Chapter 11 Case

The Debtors’ Chapter 11 case began with the goal of exiting bankruptcy through a classic reorganization that would allow the Debtors to maintain substantially all of them assets while restructuring and modifying their obligations. On the Petition Date, the Debtors filed a motion requesting approval of a post-petition secured financing facility in the amount of $692 million (the “DIP Financing Agreement”).11 The DIP Financing Agreement was arranged by a combination of the Debtors’ first and second lien lenders (the “DIP Lenders”). It established a number of case milestones that the Debtors were required to timely achieve. It set a deadline by which the Debtors had to file a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization. The DIP Financing Agreement required the Debtors to reach a consensual agreement for the modification of their collective bargaining agreements and retiree benefit obligations or to obtain an order from this Court authoring the rejection of those agreements.

On September 17, 2015, the Court approved the DIP Financing Agreement on a final basis (the “DIP Order”). On November 19, 2015, the Court approved amendments three and four to the DIP Financing Agreement. These amendments called for the Debtors to enter into a non-binding, plan structure agreement with the DIP Lenders (the “PSA”) that would outline several different restructuring scenarios and create a road map for the remainder of the case.

The direction of the case switched course on February 8, 2016, when the Debtors filed a motion with the Court seeking authorization for a going-concern sale of substantially all of the Debtors’ core, revenue generating assets (the “Core Assets”) under § 363 of the Bankruptcy *322Code. Included among the Core Assets were substantially all of the Debtors’ coal mining related complexes throughout the United States. The Debtors’ pre-petition lenders agreed to serve as a stalking horse for the sale of the Debtors’ Core Assets (the “Stalking Horse Bidder”).12 The pre-petition lenders initially agreed to credit bid $500 million for the Debtors’ Core Assets (the “Stalking Horse Bid”).13 The Debtors proposed to sell their Core Assets as a going concern, free and clear of liens, claims, and encumbrances as detailed in the asset purchase agreement executed by the Debtors and the Stalking Horse Bidder (the “APA”).

The Stalking Horse Bidder has refused to assume any of the Debtors’ liabilities and obligations under the Coal Act or to the UMWA Funds. The Stalking Horse Bidder will not close the sale unless it can receive the Core Assets free and clear of the Debtors’ obligations under their collective bargaining agreements. The collective bargaining agreements that are subject to the Rejection Motion each contain a successorship clause that would bind a subsequent purchaser of the Debtors’ business operations. The successorship provisions need to be either waived by the UMWA or rejected by the Debtors in order to consummate a sale to the Stalking Horse Bidder.14

Sections 2.02 and 2.04 of the APA provide that the Stalking Horse Bidder shall not be required to assume or perform any obligations related to collective bargaining agreements, multiemployer pension plans, or the Coal Act. The APA also requires as a condition of closing that there be “[ejntry of an Order, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Required Lenders and Buyer, by the Bankruptcy Court confirming a plan of reorganization in the Bankruptcy Case.”

Along with the sale motion, the Debtors asked the Court on February 8, 2016, for approval of amendment number five to the DIP Financing Agreement (“Amendment No. 5”). Amendment No. 5 eliminated a potential default under the DIP Financing Agreement by substituting the new case milestones set forth in the PSA for those contained in the DIP Financing Order and the DIP Financing Agreement. It also established specific deadlines by which the Debtors were required to obtain relief or a settlement with respect to the Debtors collective bargaining agreements and retiree obligations. On March 11, 2016, the Court approved Amendment No. 5 without *323objection as a reasonable exercise of the Debtors’ business judgment. The Debtors are now required to obtain confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization by-June 30, 2016. Failure to meet ahy of the new milestones established by Amendment No. 5 constitutes an event of default under the DIP Financing Agreement.

The Rejection Motion

On March 28, 2016, the Debtors filed their Rejection Motion requesting the Court to grant permission: (i) to reject the collective bargaining agreements and the obligations included therewith by and between the Debtors and the UMWA pursuant to § 1113(c) of the Bankruptcy Code; (ii) to modify the Debtors’ retiree benefit obligations to the UMWA Funds and under the Debtors’ collective bargaining agreements pursuant to § 1114(g) of the Bankruptcy Code; and (iii) to modify the Debtors’ retiree benefit obligations under the Coal Act, including payments to the Coal Act Funds pursuant § 1114(g) of the Bankruptcy Code.

The UMWA Objection was filed in opposition to the Rejection Motion on a number of grounds. As an initial matter, the UMWA argues that §§ 1113 and 1114 are not available to the Debtors because they are liquidating and not reorganizing. The UMWA argues in the alternative that the relief the Debtors request is not truly necessary, and the Debtors have not satisfied the required elements of §§ 1113 and 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code.

The Funds Objection was filed on behalf of two distinct groups of funds. The first group was the UMWA Funds — the 1974 Pension Plan, 1993 Pension Plan, 2012 Account Plan, and the 1988 Plan. These four funds arise out of the Debtors’ collective bargaining agreements and are situated in a procedural posture similar to that of the UMWA. Accordingly, the UMWA Funds joined the UMWA Objection in its entirety. The Funds Objection focused, therefore, on the rights of the second group— the Coal Act Funds.15 The Coal Act Funds advanced three principal arguments in support of their objection. First, the Coal Act Funds argued that § 1114 was never meant to apply to retiree obligations that are born out of a federal statute (the Coal Act) and that § 1114 only applies to collectively bargained retiree obligations. Second, the Coal Act Funds submit that the Debtors have not met the procedural requirements under § 1114 because the Debtors have not submitted a proposal to an “authorized representative” of the Coal Act Funds. Finally, the Coal Act Funds marshal the same arguments as the UMWA by arguing that even if the procedural requirements of § 1114 are met, the Debtors have failed to carry their burden in regard to the substantive requirements of § 1114.

UMWA Negotiations

Leading up to and following the filing of the Rejection Motion, the Debtors and the UMWA attempted to negotiate modifications to the collective bargaining agreements that would prevent an outright rejection of the agreements by the Debtors. The Debtors and the UMWA met in person and over the telephone on a number of occasions from December 2015 through March 2016. Both sides exchanged proposals and information. As the Hearing Date approached, the UMWA initiated negotiations directly with the Stalking Horse Bidder. These discussions proved to be encouraging.

The first meeting occurred on December 8, 2015. The Debtors advised the UMWA that they needed to achieve $200 million in savings annually in order to complete a *324restructuring. The Debtors projected that approximately $60 million of this cost saving would need to come from labor expense reductions. The Debtors created a data room with 22,000 pages of information relating to financial performance, wages, retiree benefits, cost saving measures, and operational information.

On January 4, 2016, the Debtors advanced their initial proposal to the UMWA (the “January 4 Proposal”). The January 4 Proposal called for a number of wage and efficiency modifications affecting the Active Union Employees that the Debtors hoped would save over $18.7 million annually. The January 4 Proposal also provided for the Debtors cessation of further payments to the UMWA Funds and the Coal Act Funds. Under the January 4 Proposal the Debtors would terminate their IEPs under the Coal Act. The Debtors expected these actions would contribute approximately $44 million in additional annual cost savings. The Debtors stressed in the January 4 Proposal that labor negotiations were the Debtors’ top priority.

The Debtors met with the UMWA on January 11 and 12. The UMWA rejected most of the provisions in the January 4 Proposal and did not provide a counterpro-posal to the Debtors at that time. The Debtors focused on complying with requests for additional data made by the UMWA. The parties met numerous times in person and over telephone conference through February and March.

. On March 9, 2016, the UMWA made a counter proposal to the Debtors (the “UMWA Counter Proposal”). The UMWA Counter Proposal generally rejected most of what the Debtors had proposed. A key sticking point was the insistence of the -UMWA that any agreement reached with the Debtors be binding upon a subsequent purchaser of the Debtors’ assets. On March 18, 2016, the Debtors dismissed most of the UMWA Counter Proposal as unrealistic. The Debtors maintained that the UMWA Counter Proposal would be ineffective in achieving the required cost savings. The Debtors estimated that the UMWA Counter Proposal would yield only $2 million in annual savings. The UMWA Counter Proposal left unaddressed the Debtors’ specific proposals regarding the UMWA Funds and other issues pertaining to wages, overtime, holidays, and vacation time. The Debtors advised the UMWA that the Debtors could not agree to bind any subsequent purchaser to the terms of any deal the Debtors and the UMWA might reach. The Stalking Horse Bidder was unwilling to assume the collective bargaining agreements in their current form. The Debtors and the UMWA conferred at least ten times between March 9 and the Hearing Date. The Debtors provided over 39,000 pages of information in their data room that the UMWA requested. The Court finds that this information was complete, reliable, and furnished in a timely manner.

On May 3, 2016, the Debtors responded to the UMWA Counter Proposal with a revised proposal — the UMWA rejected this proposal on the same day. Throughout the negotiation process, the UMWA reiterated that it had no legal authority to negotiate on behalf of the Coal Act Funds because the Coal Act Funds were creatures of federal law. The UMWA also stated that it did not represent the retirees receiving benefits through the Coal Act Funds.

Analysis

Section 1113 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a Debtor to reject a collective bargaining agreement if a number of procedural and substantive requirements are met. See 11 U.S.C. § 1113. A debtor must present a proposal to an “authorized representative” of the employees, provide *325complete and reliable information and ultimately prove that the modifications to the existing agreements “are necessary to permit the reorganization of the debtor” and ensure that “all creditors, the debtor and all of the affected, parties are treated equally and fairly. Id. § 1113(b)(1), The Court must also find that the authorized representative has refused to accept a debtor’s proposal without good cause, and that the balance of equities clearly favor rejection. Id. § 1113(c). The courts have developed a test comprised of nine factors for determining whether a debtor has satisfied the substantive requirements of § 1113 of the Bankruptcy Code. In re American Provision Co., 44 B.R. 907, 909 (Bankr.D.Minn.1984); see In re Lady H Coal Co., 193 B.R. 233, 241 (Bankr.S.D.W.Va.1996) (applying the nine-part test). The burden of proof differs with respect to each individual element. See American Provision, 44 B.R. at 909-10.

Section 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a debtor to modify the “retiree benefits” of its former employees if it satisfies the nine-part test established for § 1113 relief. Accordingly, the test for rejection under § 1113 is identical to the test for modification under § 1114. See In re Horsehead Indus., Inc., 300 B.R. 573, 583 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2003). “The statutory requirements for modification of retiree benefits are ... substantially the same as the requirements for rejection of collective bargaining agreements.” In re Walter Energy, Inc., 542 B.R. 859, 878 (Bankr.N.D.Ala.2015) (quoting In re Horizon Nat. Res. Co., 316 B.R. 268, 281 (Bankr.E.D.Ky.2004)).

The Rejection Motion turns on resolving four issues: (i) whether §§ 1113 and 1114 apply to this proceeding; (ii) whether the Debtors’ obligations under the Coal Act meet the" definition of “retiree benefits” in § 1114(a);16 (iii) whether the Debtors negotiated and presented a proposal to the “authorized representative” of the Coal Act Funds; and (iv) whether the Debtors otherwise meet the .substantive requirements of §§ 1113 and 1114 of the Bankruptcy. Code to terminate their collective bargaining agreements with the UMWA and modify their outstanding retiree benefit obligations.

§§ 1113 and HU Apply to the Debtors

Both Objectors argue that this Court cannot grant relief to the Debtors under §§ 1113 and 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code because the Debtors are liquidating and §§ 1113 and 1114 are only available to a debtor that is involved in a “reorganization.” The Objectors maintain that, because §§ 1113 and 1114 use the term “reorganization,” relief is unavailable to any party not involved a “reorganization.” See 11 U.S.C. § 1113(b)(1)(A) (requiring a debtor to prove that the rejection of a CBA is “necessary to permit the reorganization of the debtor”); 11 U.S.C. § 1114(g) (allowing the modification of retiree benefits when “such modification is necessary to permit the reorganization of the debt- or”). The Objectors claim that the recent Stalking Horse Bid under § 363 of the Bankruptcy Code has effectively transformed this bankruptcy case from a reorganization into a liquidation; thus precluding relief for the Debtors under §§ 1113 and 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Court need make no finding as to whether the Debtors are liquidating or reorganizing.17 The Court will follow the majority *326of courts that have confronted this issue by-declining to adopt the narrow reading of the term “reorganization” that the Objectors advance.

The term “reorganization” is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code. Sections 1113 and 1114 are part of Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Chapter 11 expressly provides for plans of liquidation. See 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(ll) (noting a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization may provide for liquidation). Black’s Law Dictionary defines reorganization broadly as “[a] financial restructuring of a corporation, esp. in the repayment of debts, under a plan created by a trustee and approved by a court.” Reorganization, Black’s Law Dictionary (8th Ed.2004).

Courts unanimously hold that relief under § 1113 is available to liquidating debtors in Chapter 11. See e.g., United Food & Commercial Workers Union v. Family Snacks Inc. (In re Family Snacks, Inc.), 257 B.R. 884, 893 (8th Cir. BAP 2001) (“[Cjourts have applied § 1113 in a liquidation scenario.”); In re Hoffman Bros. Packing Co., Inc., 173 B.R. 177, 187-88 (9th Cir. BAP 1994) (“§ 1113 does not preclude rejection of collective bargaining agreements where the purpose or plan of the debtor is to liquidate by a going concern sale of the business.”). Likewise, courts have also granted relief under § 1114 when a debtor proposes to liquidate its assets. See e.g., UMWA 1974 Pension Plan & Trust v. Walter Energy (Walter Energy II), No. 16-cv-00057, — B.R. —, — - —, 2016 WL 2894091, at *8-10 (N.D.Ala. May 18, 2016); In re SAI Holdings Ltd., No 06-33227, 2007 WL 927936, at *4 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio Mar. 26, 2007) (“Section 1114 itself does not distinguish between a liquidating plan and one in which the debtor seeks to rehabilitate its business .... ”); In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 134 B.R. 515, 524 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1991) (applying § 1114 to a liquidating debtor). The Court is not aware of, and the Objectors have failed to cite to, any binding authority that supports their interpretation of the statute.

The Debtors are still in the midst of their Chapter 11 case, and their path forward depends on a number of different factors, contingencies, and rulings by this Court. The Court need not engage in the difficult task of determining whether the Debtors are liquidating or reorganizing because the Court finds that the Debtors are eligible for relief under §§ 1113 and 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code. One thing is for sure. No reorganization is possible if the Rejection Motion is denied. The Court declines to apply the narrow construction of the term “reorganization” advanced by the Objectors, and instead will apply the reasoning of the large number of courts that have held that §§ 1113 and 1114 are available to a liquidating debtor.

Obligations Under the Coal Act are “Retiree Benefits”

As the Debtors’ obligations under the Coal Act arise out of federal law, the Coal Act Funds advance the argument that the Debtors’ obligations under the Coal Act cannot be modified under § 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Coal Act Funds maintain that § 1114 only applies to “retiree benefits” under a collective bargaining agreement. Coal Act obligations, they argue, do not fall within that definition. Accordingly, the Coal Act Funds conclude, § 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code does not apply to obligations under the Coal Act.

Section 1114(g) of the Bankruptcy Code permits a court to “enter an order providing for modification in the payment of *327retiree benefits.” 11 U.S.C. § 1114(g). Section 1114(a) defines the term “retiree benefits” as:

payments to any entity or person for the purpose of providing or reimbursing payments for retired employees and their spouses and dependents, for medical, surgical, or hospital care benefits, or benefits in the event of sickness, accident, disability, or death under any plan, fund, or program (through the purchase of insurance or otherwise) maintained or established in whole or in part by the debtor prior to filing a petition commencing a case under this title.

11 U.S.C. § 1114(a).

The definition is comprised of three components: (i) benefit payments to retirees; (ii) made under any plan, fund, or program; (iii) maintained in whole or in part by a debtor. Id. The Coal Act Funds argue that thé Debtors’ Coal Act obligations do not meet the third requirement. The Coal Act Funds contend that because the Coal Act Funds were created by Congress, they are not “maintained or established in whole or in part by the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 1114(a). It follows, they contend, that Coal Act obligations cannot be modified under § 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code.

Relatively few Courts have taken up this question of whether Coal Act obligations are included in the definition of retiree benefits in § 1114(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. The United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky did analyze the interplay between the Coal Act and § 1114(a) and found that obligations under the Coal Act can be modified under § 1114. Horizon, 316 B.R. at 274-78 (“If the modification of the Coal Act retiree benefits is necessary ... and the other requirements of § 1114 are satisfied, modification must be permitted.”). The court in Horizon noted that modification of Coal Act obligations was permitted because § 1114 clearly allows for the modification of collectively bargained benefits or non-collectively bargained benefits. 11 U.S.C. § 1114(b)(1); Horizon, 316 B.R. at 276. The court in Horizon relied on a decision from the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit to support its decision. See Horizon, 316 B.R. at 279 (citing United Mine Workers of Am. 1992 Benefit Plan v. Leckie Smokeless Coal Co. (In re Leckie Smokeless Coal Co.), 99 F.3d 573, 586 (4th Cir.1996)). In Leckie Smokeless Coal Co., the Fourth Circuit allowed a debtor to sell certain assets free and clear of Coal Act obligations under § 363(f)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code. The Fourth Circuit noted the absence of any language to the contrary in the Bankruptcy Code by stating that “Congress has given no indication that bankruptcy courts cannot order property sold free and clear of interests that Congress has itself created by statute.” Leck-ie Smokeless Coal, 99 F.3d at 585-86. The bankruptcy court in Horizon found the Fourth Circuit’s reasoning analogous in the context of § 1114 because Congress could have easily removed Coal Act obligations from the scope of § 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code. Horizon, 316 B.R. at 279.

The United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Alabama also squarely addressed this issue. See Walter Energy, 542 B.R. at 881-84 (holding that Coal Act obligations can be modified by § 1114). The court in Walter Energy considered an objection from the 1992 Plan and the Combined Fund — the same Coal Act Funds objecting to the Rejection Motion at bar. Id. at 881. The Court in Walter Energy followed the reasoning in Horizon and determined that the debtors could modify their Coal Act obligations under § 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code. Id. at 884. (“[T]he Debtors may use section *3281114 to modify Retiree Benefits arising under the Coal Act if the other requirements of section 1114 are satisfied.”).

On appeal, the district court in Walter Energy rejected the very arguments that the Coal Act Funds now raise in this Court. See Walter Energy II, — B.R. at -, 2016 WL 2894091, at *10-13. The district court rejected the Coal Act Funds’ interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code and found that “[although the Coal Act Funds may be established by statute, they are maintained by Debtors.” Id. at -, 2016 WL 2894091, at *10 (citing Horizon, 316 B.R. at 276). The district court went on to hold that because the debtors “maintained in part the Coal Act Plans by funding them, the plans are retirements benefits subject to Section 1114.” Id.

The Court finds the reasoning of the decisions in Horizon, Walter Energy, and Leckie Smokeless Coal Co. to be persuasive. A plain reading of § 1114(a) of the Bankruptcy Code would appear to encompass obligations under the Coal Act. There is no dispute that the obligations in question are benefit payments or that the payments are made to retirees under a plan or program. The dispute lies with whether the Coal Act Funds are “maintained or established in whole or in part by the debtor.” The Debtors pay premiums to the Coal Act Funds. See 26 U.S.C. § 9712(d) (detailing the payment obligations of each contributor to the 1992 Plan);' 26 U.S.C. § 9704(a) (detailing the payment obligations for each contributor to the Combined Fund). It follows that these Coal Act Funds are maintained at least in part by the Debtors’ contributions. See Walter Energy II, — B.R. at- -, 2016 WL 2894091, at *10. The Debtors therefore meet the standard set forth in § 1114(a). The Coal Act Funds argue that Congress meant to apply the definition of retiree benefits only to private obligations. The plain language of § 1114 of the Bankruptcy Code does not support such an application. Id. at-, 2016 WL 2894091, at *11. The statute only requires that the debtor maintain the fund or program “in whole or in part.” 11 U.S.C. § 1114(a). If Congress had intended the interpretation of the statute advanced by the Objectors, it would have added the word “private” to modify the terms “plan, fund, or program.” But Congress did not do so. As explained by the court in Horizon :

“If Congress wished to exclude Coal Act [benefits] from the reach of [§ 1114] of the bankruptcy law, it could have done so by providing exceptions to [the court’s authority to modify such obligations] or by limiting the definition of [retiree benefits] in the Bankruptcy Code or by providing express language in the Coal Act that [obligations] remain unaffected by operation of the Bankruptcy Code.”

Horizon, 316 B.R. at 279 (quoting Lady H Coal Co. Inc., 199 B.R. 595, 603 (S.D.W.Va. 1996)).

The Debtors Negotiated with the Authorized Representative of the Coal Act Funds.

The Debtors were required to “make a proposal to the authorized representative of the retirees” and demonstrate that “the authorized representative of the retirees refused to accept such proposal without good cause” in order to obtain authorization to modify retiree benefits under § 1114. 11 U.S.C. § 1114(f)(1), (g). The term “authorized representative” is defined in § 1114(b). The UMWA is the authorized representative of the UMWA Funds and any UMWA members receiving retiree benefits pursuant to collective bargaining agreements. The Debtors submit that the UMWA is also the authorized representative of the Coal Act Funds. *329The UMWA and the Coal Act Funds take issue with this position. They assert that the Debtors have failed to negotiate with any authorized representative of the Coal Act Funds.

Section 1114(b) defines the term “authorized representative” differently depending on whether the beneficiaries receiving the retirement benefits are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. The term ‘“authorized representative’ means the authorized representative designated pursuant to subsection (c) for persons receiving any retiree benefits covered by a collective bargaining agreement or subsection (d) in the ease of persons receiving retiree benefits not covered by such an agreement.” 11 U.S.C. § 1114(b). For beneficiaries receiving retirement benefits pursuant to any collective bargaining agreement to which a labor organization is operating, subsection (c) appoints the labor organization as the authorized representative unless the labor organization declines or the court appoints a different representative. 11 U.S.C. § 1114(c).18 If an individual receives retirement benefits but not pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement, subsection (d) designates the appointment of a retiree committee “to serve as the authorized representative under this section, of those persons receiving any re'tiree benefits not covered by a collective bargaining agreement.” 11 U.S.C. § 1114(d).19

Horizon has been the only case to address this issue. There, the court, without any statutory analysis, determined the UMWA to be the authorized representative of the Coal Act Funds. See Horizon, 316 B.R. at 273 (“[T]he Union. [UMWA], having undertaken to represent the Coal Act retirees, constitutes their ‘authorized representative’ within the meaning of § 1114.”).

The original starting point for all of the beneficiaries under of the Combined Fund and 1992 Plan was either a UMWA collectively bargained agreement or another UMWA benefit fund. The Coal Act Funds’ argument ignores this reality. The Coal Act Funds have resorted to procedural gamesmanship. The retirees under the Coal Act are all UMWA members who were covered by collective bargaining agreements and were eligible for participation in a UMWA pension fund.

The participants in the Coal Act Funds are all connected to the UMWA. The Combined Fund was created by the Coal Act. Its purpose was to combine two existing UMWA trust funds, the UMWA 1950 Benefit Trust and the UMWA 1974 Benefit Trust. 11 U.S.C. § 9703(f); see In re Cha-teaugay Corp, 53 F.3d at 483-87 (describing the creation of the Combined Fund). Accordingly, all the participants in the Combined Fund were members of either the UMWA 1950 Benefit Trust or the UMWA 1974 Benefit Trust.

*330The 1992 Plan covers individuals who would have been eligible for coverage under the Combined Fund but for its cutoff date. It also covers “orphan” retirees whose previous employer had failed to provide for an IEP as required by the 1978 National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement. See 26 U.S.C. § 9712(b) (establishing eligibility requirements for the 1992 Plan); In re Olga Coal Co,, 159 F.3d 62, 64-66 (2d Cir.1998) (describing the formation of the 1992 Plan). Accordingly, if a miner receives benefits under the 1992 Plan, it is because the miner was covered under an IEP as required by the 1978 National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement, or because the miner would have fit the eligibility requirements under the UMWA 1950 Benefit Trust or the UMWA 1974 Benefit Trust. See In re Olga Coal Co., 159 F.3d at 65; Holland v. Double G Coal Co. Inc., 898 F.Supp. 351, 354 (S.D.W.Va.1995) (“[T]he 1992 Benefit Plan is designed to ‘backstop’ the first two vehicles of health coverage and provide coverage for those who do not receive benefits under the Combined Fund or- individual employer plans.”). Both the scenarios for participation in the 1992 Fund require the initial participation in a UMWA benefit trust or a UMWA collectively bargained agreement.

The only reason these retirees receive benefits under the Coal Act Funds is because they are members of the UMWA who previously received coverage pursuant to collective bargaining agreements. Section 1114(b)(1) provides that a labor union shall be the authorized representative for a retiree if the retiree receives “any retiree benefits covered by a collective bargaining agreement.” 11 U.S.C. § 1114(b)(1). The retirees receiving benefits pursuant to the Coal Act Funds are members of the UMWA and receive benefits covered by collective bargaining agreements.

The Coal Act anticipates UMWA involvement in the distribution of benefits. Section 9711 of the Coal Act states that the “last signatory operator shall not be treated as failing to meet the requirements of subsection (a) or (b) if benefits are provided to eligible beneficiaries under managed care and cost containment rules and procedures described in section 9712(c) or agreed to by the last signatory operator and the United Mine Workers of America.” 26 U.S.C. § 9711(d). The UMWA asked the Debtors for information during the negotiations relating to Coal Act retirees. The Coal Act Funds never made any motion to reconstitute the existing Retiree Committee that the Court appointed in this case to broaden its; mandate, or otherwise seek to establish a different authorized representative for the Coal Act retirees. As the UMWA already represents the retirees receiving benefits under the Coal Act and they receive other benefits pursuant to collective bargaining agreements, the Court finds it naturally appropriate that it be the authorized representative of the retirees under the Coal Act. 11 U.S.C. § 1114(b)(1). No other party is better situated than the UMWA to represent these retirees.

The Debtors Have Met the Substantive Requirements of §§ 1113 & 1111),